Forgotten Wars (108 page)

84.
Ramakrishna,
Emergency propaganda
, pp. 65–6.

85.
Gurney to Sir Thomas Lloyd, 20 December 1948, in A. J. Stockwell, ed.,
British documents on the end of empire: Malaya
, part II (London, 1995), p. 91.

86.
Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats
, p. 191.

87.
Federation of Malaya, monthly newsletter, 16 January to 15 February 1951, CO717/199/2; ibid., 16 March to 15 April 1951, CO1022/137, TNA; A. H. P. Humphreys. ‘The communist insurrection in Malaya’, A. H. P. Humphreys Papers, RHO.

88.
P. A. Collin, ‘Escorting banishees to China’, in Stewart,
Smashing terrorism in the Malayan Emergency
, p. 234.

89.
‘Malaya: detention, repatriation and resettlement of Chinese’, 31 January 1951, CO717/199/2, TNA.

90.
Quoted in Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats
, p. 191.

91.
British Embassy Peking to Foreign Office, 14 March 1951, CO717/199/2, TNA.

92.
Nan Feng Jih Pao
, 6 May 1951.

93.
C. F. Yong,
Tan Kah-Kee: the making of an overseas Chinese legend
(Singapore, 1989), pp. 328–31. See also enclosures on FO371/84480, TNA.

94.
Chui Kwei-chiang,
The response of the Malayan Chinese to political and military developments in China, 1945–9
(Singapore, 1977), pp. 82–4.

95.
McHugh,
Anatomy of communist propaganda
, p. 20.

96.
Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats
, pp. 215–16.

97.
Harper,
The end of empire
, pp. 203–4.

98.
Chin and Hack,
Dialogues with Chin Peng
, p. 162.

99.
Gurney to Creech Jones, 28 February 1949, CO537/4750, TNA.

100.
Tan Cheng Lock,
One country, one people, one government: Presidential address by Tan Cheng Lock at a meeting of the General Committee of the MCA held in Penang on 30 October, 1949
(Kuala Lumpur, 1949), p. 2.

101.
K. G. Tregonning, ‘Tan Cheng Lock: a Malayan nationalist’,
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
, 10, 1 (1979), pp. 60–61.

102.
Tan Liok Ee,
The politics of Chinese education in Malaya, 1945–1961
(Kuala Lumpur 1997), pp. 104–5.

103.
Gurney to J. D. Higham, 10 February 1949, CO/537/4242; Pan-Malayan Review of Political Intelligence, no. 5 of 1959, CO537/4671, TNA.

104.
‘Minutes of the Second Meeting of the Emergency Chinese Advisory Committee held at the Perak State Council Chamber, Ipoh on 11 June 1949’, SP13/A/21, ANM.

105.
‘Malayan Chinese Association’, PR/261/51, ANM.

106.
‘Minutes of the First Meeting of the Emergency Chinese Advisory Committee held at the Council Chamber, Kuala Lumpur on 5 April 1949’, SP13/A/21, ANM.

107.
Heng Pek Koon,
Chinese politics in Malaysia: a history of the Malaysian Chinese Association
(Singapore, 1988), p. 89.

108.
Gurney to Paskin, 4 April 1949, CO537/4761, TNA.

109.
Monthly Review of Chinese Affairs, April 1949; Pan-Malayan Review of Political Intelligence, no. 11 of 1949, CO537/4671, TNA.

110.
Khoo Salma Nusution and Abdur-Razzaq Lubis,
Kinta Valley: pioneering Malaysia’s modern development
(Ipoh, 2005), p. 308; McHugh,
Anatomy of communist propaganda
, p. 48.

111.
Laurence K. L. Siaw,
Chinese society in rural Malaysia
(Kuala Lumpur, 1983), pp. 93–103.

112.
Tan Cheng Lock to Mentri Besar, Johore, 30 October 1951, CO1022/27, TNA.

113.
The literature on resettlement is extensive. The key studies are, K. S. Sandhu, ‘Emergency resettlement in Malaya’,
Journal of Tropical Geography
, 18 (1964), pp. 157–83; ‘The saga of the “squatter” in Malaya: a preliminary survey of the causes, characteristics and consequences of the resettlement of rural dwellers during the Emergency between 1948 and 1960’,
Journal of Southeast Asian History
, 5 (1964), pp. 143–77; J. W. Humphrey, ‘Population resetlement in Malaya’ (PhD thesis, Northwestern University, 1971); Francis Loh Kok Wah,
Beyond the tin mines: coolies, squatters and new villagers in the Kinta valley, c. 1880–1980
(Singapore, 1988). For a summary of the impact see Harper,
The end of empire
, pp. 176–92.

114.
Keris Mas (trans. Harry Aveling), ‘A row of shophouses in our village’, in
Blood and tears
(Petaling Jaya, 1984), pp. 113–14.

115.
Judith Strauch, ‘Chinese new Villages of the Malayan Emergency, a generation later: a case study’,
Contemporary Southeast Asia
, 2 (1981), pp. 126–39; Siaw,
Chinese society in rural Malaysia
, pp. 108–16.

116.
Protector of Aborigines to Asst Superintendent of Census, 9 May 1947, DO Temerloh/467/46, ANM.

117.
For a fuller account, see Christopher Bayly, and Tim Harper,
Forgotten armies: Britain’s Asian empire and the war with Japan
(London, 2004), pp. 267–8, 348–50.

118.
Tony Gould,
Imperial warriors: Britain and the Gurkhas
(London, 1999), p. 329–30.

119.
For the search for Noone, see his brother’s account, Richard Noone,
Rape of the dream people
(London, 1972).

120.
Reported in
Malay Mail
, 15 July 1949.

121.
Malay Mail
, 22 August 1949; for a discussion see John Leary,
Violence and the dream people: the Orang Asli in the Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960
(Athens, OH, 1995), pp. 74–83.

122.
Robert Knox Dentan, ‘Bad day at Bukit Pekan’,
American Anthropologist
, 97, 2 (1995), pp. 225–31.

123.
Ivan Polunin, ‘The medical natural history of the Malayan aborigines’,
Malayan Medical Journal
, 8, 1 (1953), pp. 55–174; P. D. R. Williams-Hunt to Del Tufo, n.d., FS/12072/50, ANM.

124.
P. D. R. Williams-Hunt,
An introduction to the Malayan Aborigines
(Kuala Lumpur, 1952), p. 93.

125.
‘Evacuating Malayan Aborigines’,
Malayan Police Journal
, March 1950, reprinted in Leary,
Violence and the dream people
, pp. 219–30.

126.
Anthony Crockett,
Green beret, red star
(London, 1954), pp. 185–9.

127.
Gamba,
The origins of trade unionism
, pp. 352–73.

128.
Christopher Blake,
A view from within: the last years of British rule in South-East Asia
(Castle Cary, 1990), pp. 94–117.

129.
Leong Yee Fong,
Labour and trade unionism in colonial Malaya: a study of the socio-economic and political bases of the Malayan labour movement, 1930–1957
(Penang, 1999), pp. 236–45.

130.
J. B. Perry Robinson,
Transformation in Malaya
(London, 1956), p. 79.

131.
‘Meeting of ministers on Malaya’, 2 April 1949; Creech Jones to Mac-Donald, CO537/4751, TNA.

132.
Gurney to Creech Jones, 11 April 1949, CO537/4751, TNA.

133.
Gurney to Creech Jones, 30 May 1949, CO537/4773, TNA.

134.
‘Minutes of the Fifteenth Conference held under the chairmanship of HE the Commissioner-General… on 7 June 1950 at Bukit Serene, Johore’, CO537/5970, TNA.

135.
Appendix B, ‘The attitude of the Malay public towards the Malayan Communist Party’, 5 April 1949, CO537/4751, TNA.

136.
Paskin to Gurney, 22 December 1948, CO537/3746, TNA.

137.
Sir Thomas Lloyd to Gurney, 5 January 1949, ibid.

138.
Thio Chan Bee,
The extraordinary adventures of an ordinary man
(London, 1977), pp. 62, 66–7, 75–87;
Malay Mail
, 10 January 1949.

139.
One of the few academic discussions is Heng,
Chinese politics in Malaysia
, pp. 147–56.

140.
‘Notes of discussions of the Communities’ Liaison Committee held at Kuala Lumpur, 18 and 19 February 1949’, TCL/23/2, ISEAS.

141.
‘Notes of discussions of the Communities’ Liaison Committee held at Kuala Lumpur 13 and 14 August 1949’, TCL/23/7, ISEAS.

142.
‘Notes of discussions of the Communities’ Liaison Committee held at Penang 29, 30 and 31 December 1949’, TCL/23/8, ISEAS.

143.
The Times
, 18 April 1949.

144.
Malay Mail
, 27 August 1949.

145.
Tan Cheng Lock to Yong Shook Lin, 19 January 1950, Tan Cheng Lock Papers, SP13/1/19, ANM.

146.
MSS/PIJ, 15 November 1947.

147.
Tan Jing Quee, ‘Lim Chin Siong: a political life’, in Jomo K. S. and Tan Jing Quee (eds.),
Comet in our sky: Lim Chin Siong in history
(Kuala Lumpur, 2001), p. 61.

148.
Sir John Nicoll to Alan Lennox-Boyd, 26 February 1955, CO1030/360, TNA.

149.
A. J. Stockwell, ‘Knowledge and power; university and nation in the
new Malaya of 1938–62’, paper delivered at ‘Asian Horizons’ conference, Singapore, 1–3 August 2005.

150.
Patrick Anderson,
Snake wine: a Singapore episode
(Singapore, 1980 [1955]), p. 221.

151.
Ibid., p. 155.

152.
Yeo Kim Wah, ‘Student politics in University of Malaya, 1949–51’,
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
, 23, 2 (1992), pp. 346–80.

153.
Malaya Tribune
, 14 April 1947.

154.
Anderson,
Snake wine
, p. 127.

155.
G. I. Puthucheary, ‘Building the Malayan nation’,
The Undergrad: unofficial organ of Raffles College Students’ Union
, 1, 2 (24 January 1949), and other issues, 1, 3 (12 February 1949); 1, 4 (16 March 1949).

156.
Cheah Boon Kheng (ed.),
A. Samad Ismail: journalism and politics
(Kuala Lumpur, 1987); Said Zahari,
Dark clouds at dawn
(Kuala Lumpur, 2001), p. 172.

157.
Yeo Kim Wah, ‘Joining the communist underground: the conversion of English-educated radicals to communism in Singapore, June 1948–January 1951’,
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
, 67 (1994), pp. 29–59.

158.
For this see T. N. Harper, ‘Lim Chin Siong and “the Singapore Story”’, in Jomo K. S. and Tan,
Comet in our sky
, pp. 1–56; Zahari,
Dark clouds at dawn
, pp. 275–9.

159.
Malaya Tribune
, 4 January 1949.

160.
Mustapha Hussain,
Malay nationalism before Umno: the memoirs of Mustapha Hussain, translated by Insun Mustapha and edited by Jomo K. S.
(Kuala Lumpur, 2005), pp. 360–67.

161.
A. Samad Said, ‘1948: Dawn of a new literary era’,
Between art and reality: selected essays
(Kuala Lumpur, 1994), pp. 57–71.

162.
Oswald Henry, ‘Singapore makes Malay movies’,
Malaya Tribune
, 24 December 1947.

163.
Gregory Clancey, ‘Towards a spatial history of emergency: notes from Singapore’, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Working Paper 8, 2003.

164.
Federation of Malaya, Political Report for January 1949, CO537/4763, TNA.

165.
Malaya Tribune
, 29 March, 1949.

166.
‘Translation of a printed MCP booklet entitled “Present day situation and duties”’, 1 November 1949, FO371/84481, TNA.

167.
W. C. S. Corry to W. E. Rigby, 9 May 1949, BA Pahang/99/49, ANM.