Forgotten Wars (94 page)

45.
Chin Peng,
My side of history
, pp. 120–1; C. C. Chin and Karl Hack (eds.),
Dialogues with Chin Peng: new light on the Malayan Communist Party
(Singapore, 2004), pp. 106–10.

46.
John Davis interview, OHD, SNA; Commander Force 136 to HPD SACSEA, 19 August 1945, HS1/114, TNA.

47.
Col. L. F. Sheridan to Edward Gent, 27 August 1945, ibid.

48.
Quoted in Cheah Boon Kheng,
Red star over Malaya: resistance and social conflict during and after the Japanese occupation of Malaya, 1941–1946
(Singapore, 1983), p. 137.

49.
Richard Gough,
Jungle was red: SOE’s Force 136 Sumatra and Malaya
(Singapore, 2003), p. 147.

50.
Khoo Salma Nasution and Abdur-Razzaq Lubis,
Kinta Valley: pioneering Malaysia’s modern development
(Ipoh, 2005), pp. 290–1; Wong,
From Pacific War to Merdeka
, pp. 10, 19.

51.
‘Operational report by Mai. H. H. Wright, Carpenter State PLO’, 28 December 1945, HS1/107, TNA.

52.
Yoji Akashi, ‘The Anti-Japanese movement in Perak during the Japanese occupation, 1941–45’, in Paul H. Kratoska (ed.),
Malaya and Singapore during the Japanese occupation
(Singapore, 1995), pp. 113–16.

53.
‘Operational report by Maj. H. H. Wright’, HS1/107, TNA.

54.
Chin Peng,
My side of History
, pp. 123–5.

55.
I. D. Ross, ‘Operational report Funnel Blue PLO’, 19 October 1945, HS1/107, TNA; Michael Stenson,
Class, race and colonialism in West Malaysia: the Indian case
(Queensland, 1980), p. 101.

56.
Netaji Centre, Kuala Lumpur,
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: a Malaysian perspective
(Kuala Lumpur, 1992), pp. 228–9.

57.
For example, Datuk Mohd Yusoff Hj. Ahmad,
Decades of change (Malaysia – 1910s–1970s
) (Kuala Lumpur, 1983), p. 293; Laurence K. L. Siaw,
Chinese society in rural Malaysia
(Kuala Lumpur, 1983), p. 74.

58.
‘Operational report D. R. W. Alexander, Sergeant GLO’, 5 December 1945, HS1/107, TNA. Chin Peng, who visited the National Archives in Kew, later endorsed Alexander’s report; Chin Peng,
My side of history
, p. 128;Ho Thean Fook,
Tainted glory
(Kuala Lumpur, 2000), pp. 240–2.

59.
‘Operational report by Maj. H. H. Wright, Carpenter State PLO’, 28 December 1945, HS1/107, TNA.

60.
Shinozaki,
Syonan – my story
, p. 97; Heng Chiang Ki interview, OHD, SNA.

61.
N. I. Low,
When Singapore was Syonan-to
([1947] Singapore, 1995), pp. 130–1.

62.
Mustapha Hussain,
Malay nationalism before Umno
, p. 288.

63.
The most thorough and balanced account of the conflict is Cheah,
Red star over Malaya
, ch. 8. For Malay religious anxieties, Abu Talib Ahmad,
The Malay Muslims, Islam and the Rising Sun
, esp. chs. 4 and 5.

64.
Syed Naguib al-Attas,
Some aspects of Sufism as understood and practised by the Malays
(Singapore, 1963), pp. 47–8, 100.

65.
‘Sabilu’llah and invulnerability’, supplement to Malayan Security Service, Political Intelligence Journal, No. 9/1947, 15 June 1947, Dalley Papers, RHO; A. J. Stockwell,
British policy and Malay politics during the Malayan Union experiment, 1945–1948
(Kuala Lumpur, 1979), p. 150, and n. 21.

66.
‘Report on incidents of banditry, Langkap area’, 25 September 1945, HS1/107, TNA.

67.
Cheah,
Red star over Malaya
, p. 225.

68.
J. K. Creer, ‘Report on experiences during Japanese occupation of Malaya’, 3 November 1945, Heussler Reports, RHO.

69.
Chin Peng,
My side of history
, pp. 110–11.

70.
Wilfred Blythe,
The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study
(London, 1969), pp. 327–38.

71.
Mahmud bin Mat,
Tinggal kenangan: the memoirs of Dato’ Sir Mahmud bin Mat
(Kuala Lumpur, 1997), pp. 271–88; Gough,
Jungle was red
, p. 163.

72.
Tunku Abdul Rahman,
As a matter of interest
(Petaling Jaya, 1981), pp. 162–3.

73.
Pamela Ong Siew Im,
One man’s will: a portrait of Dato’ Sir Onn bin Ja’afar
(Penang, 1998), pp. 170–1.

74.
Anwar Abdullah,
Dato Onn
(Petaling Jaya, 1971), p. 111.

75.
Cheah,
Red star over Malaya
, pp. 225–30.

76.
S. Chelvasingham-MacIntyre,
Through memory lane
(Singapore, 1973), p. 128.

77.
Rahman,
As a matter of interest
, pp. 160–1.

78.
John Tan Boon Liang,
A bamboo flower blooms
(New York, 1984), pp. 215–16.

79.
O. W. Gilmour,
With freedom to Singapore
(London, 1950), pp. 74–9; Romen Bose,
The end of the war: Singapore’s liberation and the aftermath of the Second World War
(Singapore, 2005), pp. 2–11.

80.
Gilmour,
With freedom to Singapore
, pp. 89–93, 150.

81.
Note by Lt Cdr W. E. Machin, HQ British East India Fleet, 13 September 1945, ADM1/25907, TNA.

82.
S. Woodburn Kirby,
The war against Japan
, vol. V,
The surrender of Japan
(London, 1969), pp. 266–9.

83.
Chin Peng,
My side of history
, p. 130; Alan Stripp,
Codebreaker in the Far East
(Oxford, 1989), p. 176.

84.
Capt. G. P. Brownie, quoted in Gough,
Jungle was red
, p. 158.

85.
R. W. Holder,
Eleven months in Malaya: September 1945 to August 1946
(Kuala Lumpur, 2005), p. 24.

86.
Chin Peng,
My side of history
, p. 129.

87.
Gough,
Jungle was red
, p. 161.

88.
Gilmour,
With freedom to Singapore
, pp. 101–2.

89.
Holder,
Eleven months in Malaya
, pp. 37–8.

90.
Frank Gibney (ed),
Sensō: the Japanese remember the Pacific War: letters to the editor of Asahi Shimbun
(London, 1995), pp. 226–7.

91.
‘Report on RAPWI in Malaya and Singapore’, 7 January 1946, BMA/ADM/2/34.

92.
Arshak Catihatoer Galstaun interview, OHD, SNA.

93.
A. J. F. Doulton,
The Fighting Cock: being the history of the 23rd Indian Division, 1942–1947
(Aldershot, 1951), p. 222.

94.
Madelaine Masson,
Edwina: the biography of the Countess Mountbatten of Burma
(London, 1958), p. 150.

95.
Dato Haji Mohamed Yudof Bangs interview, OHD, SNA.

96.
Gilmour,
With freedom to Singapore
, p. 96.

97.
Sheila Allan,
Diary of a girl in Changi, 1941–45
(2nd edn., Roseville, NSW, 1999), pp. 137–47.

98.
Sjovald Cunyngham-Brown,
Crowded hour
(London, 1975), pp. 147–9.

99.
Letter to his wife, 10 September 1945, John Lowe Woods,
An Irishman in Malaya
(Peterhead, 1977), p. 136.

100.
Gilmour,
With freedom to Singapore
, p. 100.

101.
‘Appendix A: The psychological state of RAPWI’, Lt. Col. R. F. Tred-gold, ‘Psychiatry in ALFSEA’, March 1946, WO222/1319, TNA; Robert H. Ahrenfeldt,
Psychiatry in the British army in the Second World War
(London, 1950), p. 235.

102.
‘Appendix D: Talks to groups of repatriates’, Lt Col. R. F. Tredgold, ‘Psychiatry in ALFSEA’, March 1946, WO222/1319, TNA.

103.
Bose,
The end of the war
, pp. 116–24.

104.
Note by Lt Cdr W. E. Machin, HQ British East India Fleet, 13 September 1945, ADM1/25907, TNA; Low,
When Singapore was Syonan-to
, pp. 132–3.

105.
Wong,
From Pacific War to Merdeka
, pp. 21–2.

106.
Chelvasingham-MacIntyre,
Through memory lane
, pp. 128–9.

107.
L. F. Pendred, Director of Intelligence, ‘The visit of Pandit Nehru to Malaya’, 30 March 1946, CO717/149/8, TNA.

108.
Kevin Blackburn and Edmund Lim, ‘The Japanese war memorials of Singapore: monuments of commemoration and symbols of Japanese imperial ideology’,
South East Asia Research
, 7, 3 (2001), pp. 321–40; Gilmour,
With freedom to Singapore
, pp. 118–19.

109.
Kevin Blackburn, ‘The collective memory of the
sook ching
massacre and the creation of the civilian war memorial of Singapore’,
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
, 73, 2 (2000), p. 76.

1.
T. L. Hughes to H. Stevenson, 15 August 1945, fortnightly reports f. 24, Clague Papers, Mss Eur E252/55, OIOC.

2.
Slim to HQ ALFSEA, 15 May 1945, in Hugh Tinker (ed.),
Burma: the struggle for independence, 1944–1948
, vol. I:
From military occupation to
civil government, 1 January 1944 to 31 August 1946
(London, 1983), p. 250.

3.
Loyal resolution by leading Burmese monks at Rangoon victory celebrations, 15 June 1945, Governor of Burma’s Papers, M/3/1736, OIOC.

4.
The naming of Aung San’s forces is extremely confusing, to say the least. The Burma Independence Army (BIA) of 1941–2 became the Burma Defence Army (BDA) shortly after the Japanese invasion. On ‘independence’ in 1943 it became the Burma National Army (BNA). In July 1945, along with other armed elements, it became part of the Burma Patriotic Forces (PBF), though many of its personnel were stood down and became members of the People’s Volunteer Organizations (PVOs or, in Burmese, PYTs). To avoid alphabet soup we have continued to refer to the predominantly Burman forces of the PBF as BNA. For a comprehensive account using Burmese-language material, see, Mary P. Callahan,
Making enemies: War and state building in Burma
(Ithaca, 2004).

5.
Maung Maung,
To a soldier son
(Rangoon, 1974), p. 77.

6.
Ibid., p. 79.

7.
Ibid., pp. 74–5.

8.
‘Twelfth Army report upon the state of civil affairs departments and conditions in Burma, 16 October 1945’, WO203/2269, TNA.

9.
Rangoon Liberator
, 27 September 1945, copy in Governor of Burma’s Papers, M/3/1693, OIOC.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Fortnightly intelligence report, civil censorship, no. 2, Burma and Malaya, 23 August 1945, R/8/41, OIOC.

12.
‘Report on the general feelings of the people in the Rangoon area’, c. July–August 1945, in fortnightly reports, Clague Papers, Mss Eur E252/55, OIOC.

13.
Balwant Singh,
Independence and democracy in Burma, 1945–52: the turbulent years
(Ann Arbor, 1993), p. 14.

14.
Gordon S. Seagrave,
Burma surgeon
(London, 1944), and
Burma surgeon returns
(London, 1946).

15.
Gordon S. Seagrave,
My hospital in the hills
(London, 1957).

16.
Ibid, p. 36.

17.
Comments of Sir William Slim, SAC meeting, 5 September 1945, WO/203/5240, TNA; Angelene Naw,
Aung San and the struggle for Burmese independence
(Copenhagen, 2001), p. 135.

18.
Naw,
Aung San
, p. 135.