Freedom Summer (57 page)
Epilogue
277
“these vicious and morally bankrupt criminals”:
Ibid., p. 237.
“these vicious and morally bankrupt criminals”:
Ibid., p. 237.
278
“niggers on a voting drive”:
Zinn,
SNCC
, p. 204.
“niggers on a voting drive”:
Zinn,
SNCC
, p. 204.
278
“the burning of draft cards”:
Testimony of Charles Johnson,
U.S. v. Price et al
. (“Mississippi Burning” trial),
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/Johnson.html
.
“the burning of draft cards”:
Testimony of Charles Johnson,
U.S. v. Price et al
. (“Mississippi Burning” trial),
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/Johnson.html
.
278
“to get young Negro males”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror,
p. 237.
“to get young Negro males”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror,
p. 237.
279
“Who is the author”: Los Angeles Times
, October 9, 1967, p. 7.
“Who is the author”: Los Angeles Times
, October 9, 1967, p. 7.
279
“I’m not going to allow”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid,
p. 446.
“I’m not going to allow”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid,
p. 446.
279
“a white, Christian, militant organization”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 187.
“a white, Christian, militant organization”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 187.
279
“You ain’t joined no Boy Scout group”: Washington Post
, October 10, 1967.
“You ain’t joined no Boy Scout group”: Washington Post
, October 10, 1967.
279
“It was the first time”:
Testimony of Delmar Dennis,
Famous Trials
Web site,
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/Dennis.html
.
“It was the first time”:
Testimony of Delmar Dennis,
Famous Trials
Web site,
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/Dennis.html
.
279
“What did he mean by elimination?”
Ibid
.
“What did he mean by elimination?”
Ibid
.
279
“a Judas witness”: Los Angeles Times,
October 19, 1967; Ball,
Murder in Mississippi
, p. 127.
“a Judas witness”: Los Angeles Times,
October 19, 1967; Ball,
Murder in Mississippi
, p. 127.
279
“salt of the earth kind of people”:
Ibid., pp. 128, 130.
“salt of the earth kind of people”:
Ibid., pp. 128, 130.
279
“in church every time”:
Ibid., p. 128.
“in church every time”:
Ibid., p. 128.
279
“low-class riffraff”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 280.
“low-class riffraff”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 280.
279
“It may well be:
Ibid.
“It may well be:
Ibid.
279
“The federal government is not invading”:
John Doar, Summary for the Prosecution, on
Famous Trials
Web site,
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/doarclose.htm
.
“The federal government is not invading”:
John Doar, Summary for the Prosecution, on
Famous Trials
Web site,
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/doarclose.htm
.
280
“The strong arm”:
H. C. Watkins, Summary for the Defense, on
Famous Trials
Web site,
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/watkinsclos.html
.
“The strong arm”:
H. C. Watkins, Summary for the Defense, on
Famous Trials
Web site,
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/watkinsclos.html
.
280
“could never convict a preacher”:
Ball,
Murder in Mississippi
, p. 133.
“could never convict a preacher”:
Ball,
Murder in Mississippi
, p. 133.
280
“They killed one nigger”:
O’Reilly,
“Racial Matters,”
pp. 175-76.
“They killed one nigger”:
O’Reilly,
“Racial Matters,”
pp. 175-76.
280
“the best thing that’s ever happened”: Washington Post
, October 21, 1967.
“the best thing that’s ever happened”: Washington Post
, October 21, 1967.
280
“landmark decision”: New York Times
, October 21, 1967.
“landmark decision”: New York Times
, October 21, 1967.
280
“They did better than I thought”:
Ibid.
“They did better than I thought”:
Ibid.
280
“I want you to write me”:
Woods,
LBJ
, p. 480.
“I want you to write me”:
Woods,
LBJ
, p. 480.
280
“to insure that they did not die in vain”: Congressional Record
111, pt. 10 (June 22, 1965): S 13931.
“to insure that they did not die in vain”: Congressional Record
111, pt. 10 (June 22, 1965): S 13931.
281
“the broadest possible scope”:
Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman, eds.,
Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965-1990
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 138.
“the broadest possible scope”:
Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman, eds.,
Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965-1990
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 138.
281
“After Freedom Summer, we met black people”:
John Howell, personal interview, March 11, 2008.
“After Freedom Summer, we met black people”:
John Howell, personal interview, March 11, 2008.
282
“I never dreamed I’d live to see”:
Wirt,
Politics of Southern Equality
, p. 160.
“I never dreamed I’d live to see”:
Wirt,
Politics of Southern Equality
, p. 160.
282
“Hands that picked cotton”: Cambridge Encyclopedia
, vol. 1, s.v. “Charles (James) Evers,”
http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/185/-James-Charles-Evers.html
.
“Hands that picked cotton”: Cambridge Encyclopedia
, vol. 1, s.v. “Charles (James) Evers,”
http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/185/-James-Charles-Evers.html
.
282
“I count Mayor Evers as a friend”:
Skates,
Mississippi
, pp. 168-69.
“I count Mayor Evers as a friend”:
Skates,
Mississippi
, pp. 168-69.
282
“Seg academies”:
Wilkie,
Dixie
, p. 35.
“Seg academies”:
Wilkie,
Dixie
, p. 35.
282
“I can’t make people integrate”:
Woods,
LBJ
, pp. 479-80.
“I can’t make people integrate”:
Woods,
LBJ
, pp. 479-80.
283
“The Promised Land is still far off”:
Hodding Carter III, e-mail interview, September 26, 2008.
“The Promised Land is still far off”:
Hodding Carter III, e-mail interview, September 26, 2008.
283
“I believe that despite the terrible racist image”:
Margaret Walker, “Mississippi and the Nation in the 1980s,” in Abbott,
Mississippi Writers
, p. 612.
“I believe that despite the terrible racist image”:
Margaret Walker, “Mississippi and the Nation in the 1980s,” in Abbott,
Mississippi Writers
, p. 612.
283
“Not in Mississippi!”:
Erenrich,
Freedom Is a Constant Struggle
, p. 409.
“Not in Mississippi!”:
Erenrich,
Freedom Is a Constant Struggle
, p. 409.
284
“There has not been meaningful change”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 163.
“There has not been meaningful change”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 163.
284
“rosier and rosier”:
O’Brien, interview, November 12, 2007.
“rosier and rosier”:
O’Brien, interview, November 12, 2007.
284
“stepped into a hornet’s nest”:
Ibid.
“stepped into a hornet’s nest”:
Ibid.
284
“It’s a good thing they got that Communist”:
Ibid.
“It’s a good thing they got that Communist”:
Ibid.
284
“It had been a rather quiet summer”:
O’Brien, “Journey into Light,” p. 285.
“It had been a rather quiet summer”:
O’Brien, “Journey into Light,” p. 285.
285
“One might as well hold a skunk”:
Ibid., p. 288.
“One might as well hold a skunk”:
Ibid., p. 288.
285
“I never really had the time”:
Fran O’Brien, e-mail correspondence, October 17, 2008.
“I never really had the time”:
Fran O’Brien, e-mail correspondence, October 17, 2008.
285
“Yes, I know it sounds a bit wild”:
Winn, correspondence, no date.
“Yes, I know it sounds a bit wild”:
Winn, correspondence, no date.
285
“I was so glad”:
Winn, correspondence, September 15, 1964.
“I was so glad”:
Winn, correspondence, September 15, 1964.
286
“They got Giles!”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
“They got Giles!”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
286
“Janell and I are coming home”:
Winn, correspondence, no date.
“Janell and I are coming home”:
Winn, correspondence, no date.
286
“We don’t need you”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
“We don’t need you”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
286
“ fell in with another crowd”:
Ibid.
“ fell in with another crowd”:
Ibid.
286
“The fact that I”:
Ibid.
“The fact that I”:
Ibid.
286
“took some time to fuck off”:
Ibid.
“took some time to fuck off”:
Ibid.
287
“Someone asked me”:
Ibid.
“Someone asked me”:
Ibid.
287
“too containing”:
Tillinghast, interview, December 16, 2008.
“too containing”:
Tillinghast, interview, December 16, 2008.
287
“I was born with a fighting nature”:
Ibid.
“I was born with a fighting nature”:
Ibid.
287
“It was like going to war”:
Ibid.
“It was like going to war”:
Ibid.
288
“Chrisnpenny”:
Chris Williams, e-mail correspondence, October 17, 2008.
“Chrisnpenny”:
Chris Williams, e-mail correspondence, October 17, 2008.
288
“I felt I’d given it a good shot”:
Ibid.
“I felt I’d given it a good shot”:
Ibid.
289
“ragged and lost”:
Penny Patch, in Curry et al.,
Deep in Our Hearts,
p. 165.
“ragged and lost”:
Penny Patch, in Curry et al.,
Deep in Our Hearts,
p. 165.
289
“Mississippi without fear”:
Williams, interview, September 21, 2008.
“Mississippi without fear”:
Williams, interview, September 21, 2008.
289
“Other people went to Vietnam”:
Ibid.
“Other people went to Vietnam”:
Ibid.
290
“the ultimate Mississippi”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 229.
“the ultimate Mississippi”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 229.
290
“I am prouder of being there”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 159.
“I am prouder of being there”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 159.
290
“almost Jesus like aura”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 200.
“almost Jesus like aura”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 200.
291
“Like working with sharecroppers”:
Bob Moses, personal interview, December 10, 2008.
“Like working with sharecroppers”:
Bob Moses, personal interview, December 10, 2008.
292
“To me, it was sort of like a plane crash”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 454.
“To me, it was sort of like a plane crash”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 454.
292
“I was quite delighted”:
Ibid., p. xv.
“I was quite delighted”:
Ibid., p. xv.
293
“Had I done it”: Chicago Tribune
, November 13, 1978.
“Had I done it”: Chicago Tribune
, November 13, 1978.
293
“I’m not going to say they were wrong”: New York Times,
January 7, 2005.
“I’m not going to say they were wrong”: New York Times,
January 7, 2005.
293
“It was what I’d been wanting”: New York Times
, June 12, 2005.
“It was what I’d been wanting”: New York Times
, June 12, 2005.
293
“The media has profited”:
Ibid.
“The media has profited”:
Ibid.
293
“Communists invaded”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 18, 2005.
“Communists invaded”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 18, 2005.
293
“as strong for segregation”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 12, 2005.
“as strong for segregation”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 12, 2005.
294
“If you want my forgiveness”: New York Times,
August 21, 2007.
“If you want my forgiveness”: New York Times,
August 21, 2007.
294
“Mighty long time”: New York Times,
January 7, 1905.
“Mighty long time”: New York Times,
January 7, 1905.
295
“it really hit me”:
Williams, dir.,
Ten Days
.
“it really hit me”:
Williams, dir.,
Ten Days
.
295
“She just wrapped her arms”:
Ibid.
“She just wrapped her arms”:
Ibid.
295
“if he had anything to do with those boys”: New York Times
, June 18, 2005.
“if he had anything to do with those boys”: New York Times
, June 18, 2005.
295
“J. E. never come back”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 19, 2005.
“J. E. never come back”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 19, 2005.
295
“I thought it was unusual”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 20, 2005.
“I thought it was unusual”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 20, 2005.
295
“nothing but stirring”:
Ibid.
“nothing but stirring”:
Ibid.
295
“Do your duty”:
Ibid.
“Do your duty”:
Ibid.
295
“She believes the life of her son”: New York Times,
June 22, 2005.
“She believes the life of her son”: New York Times,
June 22, 2005.
296
“day of great importance”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 22, 2005.
“day of great importance”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 22, 2005.
296
“in a calculated”:
Arkansas Delta Truth and Justice Center, “Neshoba Murders Case—A Chronology,” Civil Rights Movement Veterans Web site,
http://www.crmvet.org
.
“in a calculated”:
Arkansas Delta Truth and Justice Center, “Neshoba Murders Case—A Chronology,” Civil Rights Movement Veterans Web site,
http://www.crmvet.org
.
296
“Other cold cases”:
Jerry Mitchell, personal interview, October 9, 2008.
“Other cold cases”:
Jerry Mitchell, personal interview, October 9, 2008.
296
“That was the time of the hippies”:
Hampton, “Mississippi—Is This America? ”
“That was the time of the hippies”:
Hampton, “Mississippi—Is This America? ”
296
“changed Mississippi forever”:
Charlie Cobb, Oral History Collection, USM.
“changed Mississippi forever”:
Charlie Cobb, Oral History Collection, USM.
297
“the greatest sociological experiment”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 166.
“the greatest sociological experiment”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 166.
297
“Christ-like”:
Marsh,
God’s Long Summer
, p. 45.
“Christ-like”:
Marsh,
God’s Long Summer
, p. 45.
297
“They were the best friends we ever met”:
Ibid.
“They were the best friends we ever met”:
Ibid.
297
“Freedom Summer injected a new spirit”:
John Lewis, personal interview, September 12, 2008.
“Freedom Summer injected a new spirit”:
John Lewis, personal interview, September 12, 2008.
297
“Why can’t it be”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, November 6, 2008, p. 1.
“Why can’t it be”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, November 6, 2008, p. 1.
298
“This is history, woman”:
“Students Asked Not to Say Obama’s Name,” WAPT, Channel 16, Jackson, Miss.,
http://www.wapt.com/video/17928161/index.html
.
“This is history, woman”:
“Students Asked Not to Say Obama’s Name,” WAPT, Channel 16, Jackson, Miss.,
http://www.wapt.com/video/17928161/index.html
.
298
“I voted for Obama”:
Wayne Drash, “Crossing the Railroad Tracks amid a New Time in History,” CNN, January 16, 2009,
http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/12/crossing.railroad.tracks/
.
“I voted for Obama”:
Wayne Drash, “Crossing the Railroad Tracks amid a New Time in History,” CNN, January 16, 2009,
http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/12/crossing.railroad.tracks/
.
298
“Oh, if he’d just been able”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, January 21, 2009.
“Oh, if he’d just been able”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, January 21, 2009.
298
“It’s the most wonderful day”: Delta Democrat-Times,
January 21, 2009.
“It’s the most wonderful day”: Delta Democrat-Times,
January 21, 2009.
298
“where the stage was set”:
“Pulitzer Prize-Winning Writer Alice Walker and Civil Rights Leader Bob Moses Reflect on an Obama Presidency and the Struggle for African Americans to Vote,”
Democracy Now!
January 20, 2009,
http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/20/pulitzer_prize_winning_writer_alice_walker
.
“where the stage was set”:
“Pulitzer Prize-Winning Writer Alice Walker and Civil Rights Leader Bob Moses Reflect on an Obama Presidency and the Struggle for African Americans to Vote,”
Democracy Now!
January 20, 2009,
http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/20/pulitzer_prize_winning_writer_alice_walker
.
298
“My fellow citizens”: New York Times
, January 21, 2009.
“My fellow citizens”: New York Times
, January 21, 2009.
299
“They saw America as bigger”:
Ibid.
“They saw America as bigger”:
Ibid.
299
“the closest thing to a perfect day”:
Fran O’Brien, e-mail correspondence, January 21, 2009.
“the closest thing to a perfect day”:
Fran O’Brien, e-mail correspondence, January 21, 2009.
299
“What the cynics fail to understand”: New York Times
, January 21, 2009.
“What the cynics fail to understand”: New York Times
, January 21, 2009.
299
“and why a man whose father”:
Ibid.
“and why a man whose father”:
Ibid.
299
“It took forty-five years”:
Linda Wetmore Halpern, e-mail correspondence, January 21, 2009.
“It took forty-five years”:
Linda Wetmore Halpern, e-mail correspondence, January 21, 2009.
300
“At the end of it all”:
Williams, e-mail correspondence, January 21, 2009.
“At the end of it all”:
Williams, e-mail correspondence, January 21, 2009.
Bibliography
ArchivesBarber, Rims. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Cobb, Charles. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Dahl, Kathleen. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. Mississippi Burning Case, File 44-25706.
Glass, Jinny. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Goodman, Carolyn. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Guyot, Lawrence. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Hamer, Fannie Lou. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Hamlett, Ed. Papers. White Folks Project Collection, McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Hazelton, Margaret. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Henderson, William and Kathleen. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Hillegas Collection. Private collection of Jan Hillegas, Jackson, MS.
Hodes, William. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Hudson, Winson. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Hunn, Eugene. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Johnson, Paul B. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Kates, James. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Kwanguvu, Umoja. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Lake, Ellen. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
———. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Miller, Charles. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
North Mississippi Oral History and Archives Project. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
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