Gallipoli (100 page)

And so it is to this day.

We will remember them. On both sides.

BACKGROUND AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1.
Keating,
Major Speeches of the First Year
, Speech at Ela Beach, Port Moresby, 25 April 1992, p. 57.

2.
Keating, ‘We Are Too Wise to be Cannon Fodder Again',
The Sydney Morning Herald
, 11 November 2013,
www.smh.com.au
.

PROLOGUE: A NATION IS BORN

1.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, pp. 11–12.

2.
Laseron, Diary, 23 December 1914, ML MSS 1133, p. 2,
www.acmssearch.sl.nsw.gov.au
.

3.
Derham,
The Silence Ruse
, p. 1.

4.
The Bulletin
, 5 January 1901, p. 10.

5.
Ibid.

6.
The Sydney Morning Herald
, 6 January 1910, p. 7.

7.
Ibid., 23 December 1909, p. 6.

8.
Ibid., 6 January 1910, p. 7 (reported speech changed to direct speech).

9.
Ibid.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Ibid., 22 December 1910, p. 6.

12.
For the full text of Kitchener's report to the government, see Kitchener, ‘Australian Defence',
The Western Mail
(Perth), 26 February 1910, p. 44,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

13.
The Barrier Miner
, ‘The Defence Act', 19 April 1912, p. 2,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

14.
McEwan, ‘“Smelly” – The Lee-Enfield Rifle',
The Gallipoli Gazette
, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2013, p. 6.

15.
The Advertiser
(Adelaide), 23 March 1914, p. 17.

16.
Ibid.

17.
His full last name is Sinclair-MacLagan, but, in keeping with Bean, only MacLagan is used throughout.

18.
Hogue,
Trooper Bluegum at the Dardanelles
, p. 70,
https://archive.org
.

19.
Carlyle,
Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Thomas Carlyle
, p. 311.

20.
Turfan,
Rise of the Young Turks
, p. 209.

21.
Ibid.

22.
Ibid., p. 211.

CHAPTER ONE: A REAL WAR

1.
Glenny,
The Balkans
, p. 22.

2.
The Argus
, ‘In Australia', 21 August 1914, p. 8 (quote corrected to match the original),
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

3.
Ibid.. ‘Austrian Tragedy', 1 July 1914, p. 15,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

4.
Ibid.

5.
Alington,
The Lamps Go Out
, p. 39.

6.
Churchill, Randolph,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. II,
Companion
, Pt III, p. 1989.

7.
The New York Times
,
New York Times Current History
, p. 209,
www.gutenberg.org
.

8.
Based on Cunneen,
Kings' Men
, p. 116.

9.
Ibid., p. 110.

10.
Daily Herald
(Adelaide), ‘A Whirlwind of Words', 31 July 1914, p. 5,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

11.
Ibid.

12.
The Labor Call
, 6 August 1914, p. 4.

13.
The Evening News
(Sydney), ‘References by Mr Cook', 1 August 1914, p. 8,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

14.
The Colac Herald
, ‘Prime Minister at Colac', 3 August 1914, p. 2,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

15.
Scott, John,
Vickers
, p. 111.

16.
Kautsky,
Outbreak of the World War
, p. 529.

17.
A curiosity of the document is its condition that, if Russia intervenes on the side of Serbia in the dispute with Austria-Hungary, thereby activating Germany's alliance with Austria-Hungary, then Turkey agrees to join the war on the side of Germany against Russia. The curiosity is that Russia
had already
mobilised its forces and just the previous day Germany
had
moved to support Austria-Hungary and declared war on Russia.

18.
Djemal Pasha,
Memories of a Turkish Statesman
, pp. 113–14,
https://archive.org
.

19.
Horne,
Source Records of the Great War
, Vol. I, pp. 377–8.

20.
Ibid., pp. 370–1.

21.
Cassar,
Kitchener's War
, p. 20 (reported speech changed to direct speech).

22.
Scott, Ernest,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. XI, p. 8.

23.
The Governor-General to the Secretary of State, Telegram No. 13, 3 August 1914 (received 6.30 pm),
Correspondence Regarding the Overseas Assistance Afforded to His Majesty's Government by His Majesty's Overseas Dominions
, p. 4.

24.
Daily Mail
, 3 August 1914, p. 4.

25.
Butler, Daniel A.,
Shadow of the Sultan's Realm
, p. 71.

26.
Hayman and Hayman,
Great Britain and the European Crisis
, p. 95,
http://books.google.com.au
.

27.
Bethmann-Hollweg, speech at the Reichstag, 4 August 1914,
Berliner Tageblatt
, 5 August 1914, p. 5.

28.
Berliner Tageblatt
, 5 August 1914, p. 3.

29.
Brock and Brock,
Margot Asquith's Great War Diary 1914–1916
, p. 108.

30.
The Times
, 5 August 1914, p. 9.

31.
Pilot Robinson's story seems to be the only reference to consular officials aboard SS
Pfalz
. How he knew they were such is unknown.

32.
I record my deep thanks to Keith Quinton, author and researcher, Australian Army History Unit, Fort Queenscliff.

33.
The Bathurst Times
, 5 August 1914, p. 2.

34.
Stoker,
Straws in the Wind
, p. 61.

35.
Ibid.

36.
Hough,
Death of the Battleship
, p. 13,
http://books.google.com.au
.

37.
Stoker, p. 61.

38.
Scott, Ernest, Vol. XI, pp. 13–14.

39.
Bean,
Anzac to Amiens
, p. 22.

40.
The Argus
, 8 August 1914, p. 16.

41.
McCarthy,
Gallipoli to the Somme
, p. 79.

42.
Since 1997, spelled Kosciuszko.

43.
In the First World War, the AIF uses the term ‘brigade' to describe a formation of four infantry battalions. The Light Horse uses ‘brigade' to describe a formation of three regiments – a regiment is like a battalion but smaller. The 1st Division AIF has three brigades, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Brigades. The four battalions in each of these brigades are further divided into a headquarters company and four other companies, A, B, C and D. 1st Brigade: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Battalions all from New South Wales; 2nd Brigade: 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Battalions all from Victoria; 3rd Brigade: 9th Battalion from Queensland, 10th from South Australia, 11th from Western Australia, 12th from Tasmania (half), Western Australia and South Australia.

44.
The Sydney Morning Herald
, 6 August 1914, p. 6.

45.
The Dominion
(Wellington), 6 August 1914, p. 6.

46.
The New Zealand Herald
, Vol. LI, Issue 15680, 6 August 1914, p. 9.

47.
The Nelson Evening Mail
, Vol. XLV, 5 August 1914, p. 5.

48.
Voltaire,
Candide
, p. 124.

49.
Hough,
The Great War at Sea
, p. 84.

50.
Çulcu,
Ikdam Gazetesi'nde Çanakkale Cephesi I. Cilt
(
The Çanakkale Front According to Ikdam Newspaper
,
Vol. I
), p. 50.

51.
Ibid., p. 51.

52.
Ibid., p. 52

53.
Beşikçi,
The Ottoman Mobilization of Manpower in the First World War
, p. 111.

54.
The Times
, 20 August 1914, Issue 40610, p. 5.

55.
Kannengiesser,
The Campaign in Gallipoli
, p. 25.

56.
Cemil to Enver, 3 August 1914, in Aksakal,
The Ottoman Road to War in 1914
, p. 103. Enver's request to send the two warships to Constantinople had been taken up very quickly by the Germans, as it assured their strong hand in the Black Sea. Germany's Navy Ministry gave Souchon orders to head to Istanbul as early as 3 August (Aksakal, p. 110).

57.
Kannengiesser, p. 25.

58.
Ibid., pp. 25–6.

59.
Ibid., p. 26.

60.
Ibid.

61.
Ibid.

62.
Çulcu, p. 56.

63.
James, Robert R.,
Gallipoli
, p. 9.

64.
Morgenthau,
Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
, p. 71,
https://archive.org
.

CHAPTER TWO: GETTING STARTED

1.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 93.

2.
Ibid., Vol. II, p. 31.

3.
The Courier
(Ballarat), 13 August 1914, p. 4.

4.
Erickson,
Ordered to Die
, p. 15.

5.
Erickson,
Gallipoli
, p. 30.

6.
Housman,
A Shropshire Lad
, p. 39,
http://books.google.com.au
.

7.
Schuler,
Australia in Arms
, p. 21,
https://archive.org
.

8.
Hoddinott, Typed Manuscript, AWM MSS0791, p. 39.

9.
McLaglen,
Bayonet Fighting for War
, p. 12,
http://www.scribd.com
.

10.
Hogue,
Trooper Bluegum at the Dardanelles
, p. 258,
https://archive.org
.

11.
Rule, E. J., ‘Capt. Albert Jacka: Seventh Anniversary of Death',
Reveille
, 1 January 1939, pp.12–13.

12.
Sandford,
Key to Infantry Training
, p. 8.

13.
Howard,
On Three Battle Fronts
, pp. 13–14.

14.
Silas, Diary, August 1914, p. 1, MLMSS 1840,
http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au
.

15.
New-York Tribune
, 24 August 1914, p. 1.

16.
Daily Mail
, 8 September 1914, p. 4.

17.
Morgenthau,
Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
, p. 81,
https://archive.org
.

18.
Moorehead,
Gallipoli
, p. 25.

19.
Aksakal,
The Ottoman Road to War in 1914
, p. 135.

20.
Usedom, ‘Despatches from Admiral von Usedom to the Kaiser about the defences of the Dardanelles, and naval operations before and after the British landings' (translation), NA CAB 45/215, p. 4.

21.
Fisher, Letter to the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Churchill to General Sir Charles Douglas (C.I.G.S.), 1 September 1914, Appendix (A1), NA CAB 19/28.

22.
The Oamaru Mail
, 19 June 1917, p. 6.

23.
Memorandum by Major-General Callwell, Director of Military Operations, Appendix (A2), NA CAB 19/28, p. 235. Following the war, Callwell returned to his previous career as a journalist and writer. His post-war work included
The Dardanelles
, written in 1919.

24.
The Northern Miner
, ‘Proclamation', 3 December 1914, p. 4,
http://trove.nla.gov
.au.

25.
The Argus
, ‘German New Guinea', 14 September 1914, p. 8,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

26.
Stoker,
Straws in the Wind
, p. 68.

27.
Wheat, Narrative, 1914–1918, ML MSS 3054, Item 3, p. 2.

28.
Mango,
Atatürk
, p. 126.

29.
Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) to Salih (Bozuk), undated, 1914, Atatürk,
Atatürk'ün Bütün Eserleri
(
Collected Works of Atatürk
), p. 207.

30.
Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) to a friend, 17 September 1915, ibid., p. 201.

31.
Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) to Salih (Bozuk), undated, 1914, ibid., p. 207.

32.
White's Light Horse Regiment was originally numbered the 6th; however, following reorganisation in October, it was renumbered the 8th and became part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade, along with the 9th Light Horse Regiment (South Australia) and 10th Light Horse Regiment (Western Australia).

33.
Still, the 4th Light Horse Regiment (Victoria), 6th Light Horse and 7th Light Horse (New South Wales) never wore the emu plume.

34.
Aitken,
Wartime
, Winter 2001, pp. 50–3.

35.
Ibid., p. 50.

36.
Hogue,
Love Letters of an Anzac
, p. 9.

37.
The Sydney Morning Herald
, ‘Breast Forward', 6 November 1914, p. 6,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

38.
Hogue,
Love Letters of an Anzac
, p. 17.