Grit (15 page)

As for Julia Child, that ethereal morsel of
sole meunière
was indeed
a revelation. But her epiphany was that classical French cuisine was divine,
not
that she would become a chef, cookbook author, and, eventually, the woman who would teach America to make coq au vin in their very own kitchens. Indeed, Julia's autobiography reveals that this memorable meal was followed by a
succession
of interest-stimulating experiences. An incomplete list would include countless delicious meals in the bistros of Paris; conversations and friendships with friendly fishmongers, butchers, and produce vendors in the city's open-air markets; encounters with two encyclopedic French cookbooks—the first loaned to her by her French tutor and the second a gift from her ever-supportive husband, Paul; hours of cooking classes at Le Cordon Bleu under the tutelage of the marvelously enthusiastic yet demanding Chef Bugnard; and the acquaintance of two Parisian women who had the idea of
writing a cookbook for Americans.

What would have happened if Julia—who once dreamed of becoming a novelist and, as a child, possessed, as she put it, “
zero interest in the stove”—had returned home to California after that fateful bite of perfectly cooked fish? We can't know for sure, but clearly in Julia's romance with French food, that first bite of sole was just the first kiss. “Really, the more I cook, the more I like to cook,” she later told her sister-in-law. “To think it has taken me forty years
to find my true passion (cat and husband excepted).”

So, while we might envy those who love what they do for a living, we shouldn't assume that they started from a different place than the rest of us. Chances are, they took quite some time figuring out exactly what they wanted to do with their lives. Commencement speakers may say about their vocation, “I can't imagine doing anything else,” but, in fact, there was a time earlier in life when they could.

A few months ago, I read a post on Reddit titled “Fleeting Interest in Everything,
No Career Direction”:

I'm in my early thirties and have no idea what to do with myself, career-wise. All my life I've been one of those people who has been told how smart I am/how much potential I have. I'm interested in so much stuff that I'm paralyzed to try anything. It seems like every job requires a specialized certificate or designation that requires long-term time and financial investment—before you can even try the job, which is a bit of a drag.

I have a lot of sympathy for the thirty-something who wrote this post. As a college professor, I also have a lot of sympathy for the twenty-somethings who come to me for career advice.

My colleague Barry Schwartz has been dispensing counsel to anxious young adults for much longer than I have. He's been teaching psychology at Swarthmore College for forty-five years.

Barry thinks that what prevents a lot of young people from developing a serious career interest is unrealistic expectations. “It's really the same problem a lot of young people have finding a romantic partner,” he said. “They want somebody who's really attractive and smart and kind and empathetic and thoughtful and funny. Try telling a twenty-one-year-old that you can't find a person who is absolutely the best in
every
way. They don't listen.
They're holding out for perfection.”

“What about your wonderful wife, Myrna?” I asked.

“Oh, she
is
wonderful. More wonderful than I am, certainly. But is she perfect? Is she the
only
person I could have made a happy life with? Am I the
only
man in the world with whom she could have made a wonderful marriage? I don't think so.”

A related problem, Barry says, is the mythology that falling in love with a career should be sudden and swift: “There are a lot of things where the subtleties and exhilarations come with sticking with it for a while, getting elbow-deep into something. A lot of things seem uninteresting and superficial until you start doing them and, after a while, you realize that there are so many facets you didn't know at the
start, and you never can fully solve the problem, or fully understand it, or what have you. Well, that requires that you stick with it.”

After a pause, Barry said, “Actually, finding a mate is the perfect analogy. Meeting a potential match—not the one-and-only perfect match, but a promising one—is only the very beginning.”

There's a lot we don't know about the psychology of interest. I wish we knew, for example, why some of us (including me) find cooking a fascinating subject, while many others couldn't care less. Why is Marc Vetri attracted to creative endeavors, and why does Rowdy Gaines like sports? Aside from the rather vague explanation that interests are, like everything else about us, partly heritable and partly a function of life experience, I can't tell you. But scientific research on the evolution of interests has yielded some important insights. My sense is that, unfortunately, these basic facts aren't commonly understood.

What most of us think of when we think of passion is a sudden, all-at-once discovery—that first bite of
sole meunière
bringing with it the certainty of the years you'll spend in the kitchen . . . slipping into the water at your first swim meet and getting out with the foreknowledge that you'll one day be an Olympian . . . getting to the end of
The Catcher in the Rye
and realizing you're destined to be a writer. But a first encounter with what might
eventually
lead to a lifelong passion is exactly that—just the opening scene in a much longer, less dramatic narrative.

To the thirty-something on Reddit with a “fleeting interest in everything” and “no career direction,” here's what science has to say: passion for your work is a little bit of
discovery
, followed by a lot of
development
, and then a lifetime of
deepening
.

Let me explain.

First of all, childhood is generally far too early to know what we want to be when we grow up. Longitudinal studies following
thousands of people across time have shown that most people only
begin
to gravitate toward certain vocational interests, and away from others,
around middle school. This is certainly the pattern I've seen in my interview research, and it's also what journalist Hester Lacey has found in her interviews with the “mega successful.” Keep in mind, however, that a seventh grader—even a future paragon of grit—is unlikely to have a fully articulated passion at that age. A seventh grader is just beginning to figure out her general likes and dislikes.

Second, interests are
not
discovered through introspection. Instead, interests are triggered by interactions
with the outside world. The process of interest discovery can be messy, serendipitous, and inefficient. This is because you can't really predict with certainty what will capture your attention and what won't. You can't simply
will
yourself to like things, either. As Jeff Bezos has observed, “One of the huge mistakes people make is that they try to
force
an interest on themselves.” Without experimenting, you can't figure out which interests will stick, and which won't.

Paradoxically, the initial discovery of an interest often goes unnoticed by the discoverer. In other words, when you just start to get interested in something, you may not even realize that's what's happening. The emotion of boredom is always self-conscious—you know it when you feel it—but when your attention is attracted to a new activity or experience, you may have very little reflective appreciation of what's happening to you. This means that, at the start of a new endeavor, asking yourself nervously every few days whether you've found your passion is premature.

Third, what follows the initial discovery of an interest is a much lengthier and increasingly proactive period of interest development. Crucially, the initial triggering of a new interest must be followed by subsequent encounters that retrigger your attention—again and again and again.

For instance, NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins told me that it was
watching space shuttle launches on television in high school that initially inspired his lifelong interest in space travel. But it wasn't just
one
launch that hooked him. It was several shown in succession over a period of years. Soon enough, he started digging for more information on NASA, and “
one piece of information led to another and another.”

For master potter Warren MacKenzie, ceramics class in college—which he only took, initially, because all the painting classes were full—was followed by the discovery of
A Potter's Book
by the great Bernard Leach, and then a year-long internship with Leach himself.

Finally, interests thrive when there is a crew of encouraging supporters, including parents, teachers, coaches, and peers. Why are other people so important? For one thing, they provide the ongoing stimulation and information that is essential to actually liking something more and more. Also—more obviously—positive feedback makes us feel happy, competent, and secure.

Take Marc Vetri as an example. There are few things I enjoy reading more than his cookbooks and essays about food, but he was a solid-C student throughout school. “I never worked hard at academics,” he told me. “I was always just like, ‘This is kind of boring.' ” In contrast, Marc spent delightful Sunday afternoons at his Sicilian grandmother's house in South Philly. “She'd make meatballs and lasagna and all that stuff, and I always liked to head down early to help her out. By the time I was eleven or so,
I started wanting to make that stuff at home, too.”

As a teenager, Marc had a part-time job washing dishes in a local restaurant. “And I loved that. I worked hard.” Why? Making money was one motivation, but another was the camaraderie of the kitchen. “Around that time I was sort of a social outcast. I was kind of awkward. I had a stutter. Everyone at school thought I was weird. I was like, ‘Oh, here I can wash dishes, and I can watch the guys on the line [cooking] while I'm washing, and I can eat. Everyone is nice, and they like me.' ”

If you read Marc's cookbooks, you'll be struck by how many friends
and mentors he's made in the world of food. Page through and look for pictures of Marc alone, and you'll be hard-pressed to find many. And read the acknowledgments of
Il Viaggio Di Vetri
. It runs to two pages with the names of people who made his journey possible, including this note: “Mom and Dad, you've always let me find my own way and helped guide me through it. You'll never know how much I appreciate it.
I'll always need you.”

Is it “a drag” that passions don't come to us all at once, as epiphanies, without the need to actively develop them? Maybe. But the reality is that our early interests are fragile, vaguely defined, and in need of energetic, years-long cultivation and refinement.

Sometimes, when I talk to anxious parents, I get the impression they've misunderstood what I mean by grit. I tell them that half of grit is perseverance—in response, I get appreciative head nods—but I
also
tell them that nobody works doggedly on something they don't find intrinsically interesting. Here, heads often stop nodding and, instead, cock to the side.

“Just because you love something doesn't mean you'll be great,” says self-proclaimed Tiger Mom Amy Chua. “Not if you don't work. Most people stink
at the things they love.” I couldn't agree more. Even in the development of your interests, there is work—practicing, studying, learning—to be done. Still, my point is that most people stink even
more
at what they
don't
love.

So, parents, parents-to-be, and non-parents of all ages, I have a message for you:
Before hard work comes play.
Before those who've yet to fix on a passion are ready to spend hours a day diligently honing skills, they must goof around, triggering and retriggering interest. Of course, developing an interest requires time and energy, and yes, some discipline and sacrifice. But at this earliest stage, novices
aren't
obsessed with getting better. They're
not
thinking years and years into
the future. They
don't
know what their top-level, life-orienting goal will be. More than anything else, they're having fun.

In other words, even the most accomplished of experts start out as unserious beginners.

This is also the conclusion of psychologist Benjamin Bloom, who interviewed
120 people who achieved world-class skills in sports, arts, or science—plus their parents, coaches, and teachers. Among Bloom's important findings is that the development of skill progresses through three different stages, each lasting several years. Interests are discovered and developed in what Bloom called “
the early years.”

Encouragement during the early years is crucial because beginners are still figuring out whether they want to commit or cut bait. Accordingly, Bloom and his research team found that the best mentors at this stage were especially warm and supportive: “
Perhaps the major quality of these teachers was that they made the initial learning very pleasant and rewarding. Much of the introduction to the field was as playful activity, and the learning at the beginning of this stage was much like a game.”

A degree of autonomy during the early years is also important. Longitudinal studies tracking learners confirm that overbearing parents and teachers
erode intrinsic motivation. Kids whose parents let them make their own choices about what they like are more likely to develop interests later identified as a passion. So, while my dad in Shanghai in 1950 didn't think twice about his father assigning him a career path, most young people today would find it difficult to fully “own” interests decided without their input.