Henry VIII's Last Victim (71 page)

allowance 89

reconciliation attempts 89

accusations of abuse 90–1

alienation from children 92–3

Howard, Frances (
née
de Vere),

Countess of Surrey background 61–3

marriage 61–4

dowry 62

Holbein portrait 63

move to Kenninghall 93

relationship with Surrey 130, 133–5

children 133, 134

refused permission to go to Boulogne 233, 248

pregnancy, 1546 255, 274, 316

re-marries 316

Howard, Henry, Earl of Northampton 134, 135, 264, 266, 281–2, 316, 336–7

Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey

background 3

portraits 3, 173–4, 222

reputation 3–5

character 4, 27, 56, 120–1, 128–9, 136–8, 144, 241–2, 264–5, 310–11, 317–18

family background 9–16

family motto 11

family coat of arms 15

birth 17

baptism 17–18

wet-nurse 18–19

house moves 19–21

childhood 26–32, 45

relationship with mother 27–8, 92–3

accession to Earldom 35

rooms at Kenninghall 36–7

relationship with servants 39–40

education 40–3, 46, 176, 325

beatings 42–3

sense of aloneness 43–4, 170–2

love of hunting 44–5, 123

literary potential 46

and Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond 52, 55–60, 79, 122–6, 235–6

military training 57–8

appearance 60

marriage to Anne Boleyn rumoured 327

Holbein portrait 60

marriage to Mary Tudor rumoured 60–1

marriage 60–4

sails to France 66

at the French Court 69–76, 329

exposure to Renaissance art and culture 73–4

return from French Court 79

influence of time in France on 79–83

Edwardes’ book dedication to 82–3

summoned to Court 97, 100, 101–2

and Henry VIII 100, 168–70, 200, 205, 208, 225, 230, 232–4, 258, 265–6, 283

and Lord Thomas Howard 110, 112–13, 162

and Richmond’s funeral 113

and the Pilgrimage of Grace 116–22

grief at death of Richmond 122–6

disturbs the King’s Peace 123–4

Windsor rustification 124–7

and Queen Jane’s funeral 127

engaged on family business 127–8

gambling 128

maintenance of image 128

wardrobe 128

relationship with Mary Howard 129–30, 275, 278

and ‘Fair Geraldine’ 130–3, 181

birth of heir 133, 336–7

father’s control over 133–4

relationship with wife 130, 133–5

children 134, 135–6

criticism of ‘new men’ 138

and the invasion crisis of 1538–9, 140

appointments, 1539 141

and the Westminster tournament 145–8, 151

knighted 150

gifts from Henry VIII 150

and the execution of Cromwell 150

elected to the Order of the Garter 150–1

mission to Guisnes 151–2

installation into the Order of the Garter 152–3

as cupbearer to Henry VIII 153–4, 163

attends Catherine Howard’s execution 160, 163

relationship with the Seymours 160–3, 260–1, 334–5, 345–6

search for persona 172–4

poetic legacy 178–82

first imprisonment in Fleet Prison 183, 185–7, 294, 345–6

Scottish campaign, 1542 188–9

rampage of 1543 1–2, 72–3, 190–2, 194–7, 200, 345

misconduct inquiry 192–4, 270–1

regal pretensions 193–4, 137–8, 223, 265

religious beliefs 143–4, 194–200, 264

and the death of Wyatt 167, 198–200

at Landrecy 204–8

acquires St Leonard’s Priory 208

and the Duke of Najera 208–9

Charles V’s opinion of 206–8

and the French campaign of 1544 209–11, 221

and the siege of Montreuil 211–18

and the loss of Clere 218–20

restoration of Surrey House 222–3

tapestries 222–3

coat of arms 193, 223, 235, 275, 276, 277, 285–91, 303, 306

appointed Lieutenant General 225

and the defence of Boulogne 225–36, 248, 256–7, 264–5

and money 92, 128–9 232–3, 257, 336

Scrots portrait 60, 235–6, 266–7, 282, 283, 306, 317, 351

and the battle of St Etienne 237–43

aftermath of St Etienne 243–5

demoted 245–7

appointed Captain of the Rearward 247

letter from children 249–50

return to England 249–51

argument with Blagge 254–5, 265–6, 277–8, 283

letter to Dudley 255–7, 269, 278, 304

Grey’s allegations against 256–7

and Mary Howard’s proposed marriage to Thomas Seymour 72, 260–3, 265–6, 275–6, 277–8, 283, 306

political liability 264–8

Sat Superest
(Enough Survives) motto 266–7, 268, 281, 317

last letter as free man 267–8

arrest 269–70

imprisonment in the Tower of London 270, 278–9, 292–8

letter to Privy Council 270–1

evidence gathered against 265–7, 271–9

secrets 279–82

rumours about 282–3

treason charge 283–91, 303–4

indicted 290–1

escape attempt 298–302

implicated by father’s confession 303

trial 303–8

jurors 304–5, 307–8

sentence pronounced 308

reaction to trial 308–11

last words 311–12

execution 311

tomb 135, 316–17

Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey:

works 3–4, 5, 41, 79, 170, 172–3, 178–82

Aeneid
, translation of 175–8, 179, 258, 342, 343

Biblical paraphrases: Ecclesiastes 3, 174, 222, 258–9, 264, 283

Biblical paraphrases: Psalms 174, 279, 282, 292–8

the Devonshire Manuscript 110, 129, 210, 343

‘Diverse thy death’ 168, 198, 258

‘Each beast can choose his fere’ 112–13, 160–3, 166, 204, 335

‘From Tuscan came my lady’s worthy race’ (Geraldine Sonnet) 130–3, 181

‘Good ladies, you that have your pleasure in exile’ 134–5, 210

‘If care do cause men cry’ 38, 170–1

‘In the rude age’ 198

‘Laid in my quiet bed’ 45

‘London, hast thou accused me’ 194–6, 199–200

‘Martial, the things for to attain’ 174–5, 178, 277

‘My Ratclif, when thy reckless youth offends’ 280

‘Norfolk sprang thee’ (Clere Epitaph) 39, 219–20, 267, 317

‘Of thy life, Thomas’ 135, 178

‘O happy dames’ 110, 129, 210–11, 343

‘Set me whereas the sun doth parch the green’ 171–2

‘Since fortune’s wrath envieth the wealth’ 188

‘So cruel prison’ (Windsor Elegy) 11, 56–60, 124–6, 145–6, 175

‘Such wayward ways hath love’ 166–7

‘Th’Assyrians’ King’ 169–70, 258

‘The fancy which that I have served long’ 235

‘The great Macedon’ 4, 168–9, 198, 199

‘The soote season’ 43–4

‘The storms are past’ 311–12

‘The sudden storms that heave me to and fro’ 264, 293–4

‘The sun hath twice brought forth the tender green’ 173

‘Too dearly had I bought my green and youthful years’ 101–2

Translation technique 40, 42, 176

‘When reckless youth in an unquiet breast’ 293–4

‘When Windsor walls sustained my wearied arm’ (Windsor Sonnet) 126

‘Wyatt resteth here’ 165, 167, 199–200

Howard, Jane 133–5, 250, 315, 337

Howard, John, First Duke of Norfolk 10–12

Howard, Katherine (Surrey’s sister) 18, 58, 326–7

Howard, Katherine (Howard’s daughter) 134, 136, 282, 315, 337

Howard, Margaret 134, 315

Howard, Mary

birth 19, 90

marriage to Richmond 53, 79, 330

and Anne Boleyn’s investiture 65

alienation from mother 92–3

and the Devonshire Manuscript 110, 129, 210, 343

relationship with Surrey 129–30, 275, 278

jointure 129

as member of Catherine Howard’s household 154

marriage to Thomas Seymour proposed 160, 260–3

as reformer 144, 259, 264, 315

deposition 123, 138, 223, 261, 274–6, 278, 285, 306

Surrey’s children placed in care of 315

Howard, Robert 9–10

Howard, Lord Thomas 110–13, 162, 284

Howard, Thomas, Second Duke of Norfolk 10, 12–15, 25, 33–4, 41, 43, 63, 82–3, 110, 119, 162, 243, 284, 360

Howard, Thomas, Third Duke of Norfolk

at Court as surety 12

at Flodden 14–15, 162

children by first wife 18

marriage to Elizabeth Stafford 18, 26

as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 21–4, 36, 90

and the execution of Buckingham 25

breakdown of marriage 26, 87–93

absences from home 27, 31–2

appearance 32

character 32–3, 114

accession to Dukedom 34–5

ducal household 35–6

income 35

ill-health 37–9

hunting party, 1526 45

and Surrey’s literary potential 42, 46

and the fall of Wolsey 47, 51–2

and Surrey’s rumoured marriage to Mary Tudor 60–1

and Surrey’s marriage 60–3, 133

religious conservatism 62–3, 96–7, 116, 144, 155–6, 241, 275

mission to France 77–9

and Surrey’s time in France 82

temper 90–1

antipathy towards Cromwell 91–2, 114, 116, 128, 148–9

and the fall of Anne Boleyn 104–7

and Richmond’s funeral 113

arrest rumoured 114

and the Pilgrimage of Grace 114–22

accusations of rebel sympathies 116–22, 184

and Surrey’s grief 122–3

and the birth of Edward VI 127

and Mary Howard 129

control over Surrey 133–4

and the invasion crisis of 1538–9 140

and Catherine Howard 148

and the fall of Cromwell 148–50

and Henry VIII 47, 154, 252

Lascelles’ attempted plot against 155–6

and Catherine Howard’s disgrace 158–60, 163

Scottish campaign, 1542 187–8

and the rampage of 1543 200

and the French campaign of 1544 209, 221

and the siege of Montreuil 211–8

and the invasion threat of 1545 223–4

and the defence of Boulogne 229, 233–4

political survival 252

loss of control over Surrey 200, 229, 233–4, 257

attempts at Howard-Seymour alliance 260–3

loss of control of household 264

arrest 270

interrogation 272–3

accusations against 273–4, 277–8

coat of arms 275, 285, 302–3

confession 302–3

death 315

Howard, Thomas, Fourth Duke of Norfolk 133–5, 135, 210, 264, 274, 281, 316, 336–7

Howard, Thomas, Viscount Howard of Bindon 19, 39, 45, 82, 92, 129, 134, 264, 354

Howard, Sir William of East Winch 9

Howard, Lord William 158, 216

Hubbert, Miles 305

humanism 40, 94, 176, 325

Hunsdon Hall 20–1, 31–2, 130

hunting 44–5

Husee, John 101, 113, 119

Hussey, Lord 119

Hussey, Thomas 190, 233–4, 336

ice skating 43

Il Libro del Cortegiano
(
The Book of the Courtier
) (Castiglione) 73

invasion crisis, 1538–9 139–43

invasion crisis, 1545 223–4

Ireland 21–4, 36, 132

irons 301–2

Isabella, Empress 141–2

James IV, King of Scots 14–15, 100, 162, 187

James V, King of Scots 102, 187–8

James VI, King of Scots (James I of England) 110, 316

Jane Seymour, Queen 98, 102–3, 109, 111, 118 127, 335

‘Jhon a Legh’ 183–5

Jonson 155

jousting 146–7

Junius, Hadrianus 135, 136, 137, 249, 250, 264

Kegworth Church 286

Kelso 188, 219

Kenninghall 19–20, 36–7, 39, 43–4, 59, 87, 89, 93, 110, 122–3, 129, 160, 176, 208, 225, 249, 264, 267, 272, 274, 276, 278, 285, 290, 306, 313, 315, 336–7

King Henry the Eighth
(Shakespeare and Fletcher) 80–1

King’s Peace, punishment for disturbing 123–4

Kingston, Anthony 145

Knyvet, Sir Thomas 13,

Knyvet, Sir Edmund 80, 150, 276–7, 278, 313, 357

Kynton, John 337

L’Amant Mal Traité de Sa Mie
(Clerke) 42

Lambeth 20, 148, 158, 159, 266, 287, 288

Landrecy, siege of 204–8, 218, 219, 253, 283

Landriano, battle of, 1529 51

Lascelles, John 155–6, 157, 160, 253

Lay of the Last Minstrel
(Scott) 131–2, 181

Leigh, John, of Stockwell 183–5, 343, 344, 345

Leland, John 41, 199

Lestrange, Nicholas 305

Lewis, C. S. 179

Lincolnshire 114–16, 119

literary patronage 41

Lloyd, David 346

London, city of 189–90, 208

London Charterhouse, the 94

Lovell, Sir Francis 304

Luther, Martin 96–7, 197

Lyons 75–6, 78

Mackeral, Dr, Abbot of Barlings 119

Mai, Miguel 327

Mallard, Jean 341

Manners, Lady Anne 110

Manners, Henry, Second Earl of Rutland 110, 309–10

Manners, Thomas, First Earl of Rutland 110, 153, 327

Manox, Henry 157, 158

Marguerite of Navarre 66, 71–2, 95

Marillac, Charles de 154–5, 159

Marlowe, Christopher 178

Marney, Elizabeth 39

Marot, Clément 73, 75–6

Marquise 247

Martin (servant) 298, 299, 302, 360

Martyn, Richard 360

Mary, Queen of England 48, 53, 58–9, 60–1, 89, 103, 104, 106, 109, 110, 114, 133, 140, 184, 197, 315, 343

Mary, Queen of Scots 110, 189, 281, 316

Mary of Hungary, Regent of the Netherlands 108

Mary Rose
(ship) 224

Mason, H. A. 178–9

Master, Thomas 354

Matsys, Cornelis 295

Maxey 155

meals 29–31

medical treatment 19, 29, 38–9

Medici, Catherine de’ 53, 69, 75

Merry Wives of Windsor, The
(Shakespeare) 181

Milton, John 178, 182

Montague, Lord 139–40

Montmorency, Anne de 70

Montreuil, siege of 211–18, 219, 228, 360

More, Thomas 17, 40, 47, 50, 64, 72, 94, 97, 100, 169, 189

Moriano, Hironimo 98–9

Morison, Richard 138