Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (229 page)

27.
In 1927 the Tokyo Broadcasting System (today's NHK) produced the first live broadcast of the National Middle School Baseball Tournament from Koshien Stadium in Nishinomiya City, Hy
go prefecture. The following year saw its first broadcast of a sumo wrestling tournament. Sasaki Ry
ji,
Gendai tenn
sei no kigen to kin
, p. 90.

28.
In contrast to state Shinto, a complete creature of the Japanese government, sectarian Shinto had more leeway in interpreting Shinto, except where its teachings clashed with
kokutai
ideology.

29.
See Takahashi Hiroshi, “Shinkakuka no kizashi: Sh
wa no tairei,” in
KYN, dai ikkan
, pp. 307–8.

30.
Nakajima,
Tenn
no daigawari to kokumin
, p. 109.

31.
Takashi Fujitani,
Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan
(University of California Press, 1996), p. 236.

32.
Sasaki,
Gendai tenn
sei no kigen to kin
, pp. 90–91.

33.
Cited from
Mochizuki Keisuke den
, p. 361, in Nakajima,
Tenn
no daigawari to kokumin
, p. 119.

34.
Nakajima (
Tenn
no daigawari to kokumin
, p. 110) furnishes a good example of such counterpoint in the following instruction given by Education Minister Sh
da Kazuo to a conference of local officials on July 13, 1928:
Nowadays many people harbor thoughts that run counter to national sentiment based on the
kokutai
. Influenced by these ideas, some students have been violating their duties; others have even been implicated in the recent Communist Party incident. This is a matter of grave concern for the state…. In order to save this situation, we first should have them understand the founding principles of our country and thereby nurture in them a firm, unshakable national spirit…. I believe the forthcoming grand enthronement ceremonies provide the greatest opportunity for us to heighten the spirit of students and get them to master the concept of the
kokutai
.

35.
Fujiwara Akira, ed.,
Nihon minsh
no rekishi 8, dan'atsu no arashi no naka de
(Sanseid
, 1975), p. 180.