Hitler and the Holocaust (35 page)

36.
Theodor Fritsch,
Antisemiten-Katechismus
(Leipzig, 1883), cited in Massing,
Rehearsal
, 306; Theodor Fritsch,
Handbuch der Judenfrage
(Leipzig, 1936); Jacob Katz,
From Prejudice to Destruction: Antisemitism, 1700–1933
(Cambridge, Mass., 1982), 304–78, esp. 311, 315; Lucy Dawidowicz,
The War Against the Jews, 1933–45
(London, 1983), 96.

37.
Paul de Lagarde,
Deutsche Schriften
(Göttingen, 1904), 217–47; Stern,
Politics of Cultural Despair
, 3–36.

38.
Eugen Dühring,
Die Judenfrage als Rassen-Sitten -und Culturfrage
(Karlsruhe, 1881), 46–72; Uriel Tal,
Christians and Jews in Germany: Religion, Politics and Ideology in the Second Reich
(Ithaca, 1975), 223–82; originally published as Tal,
Yahadut ve-Natzrut be-Raykh ha-Sheni.

39.
Houston S. Chamberlain,
Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts
(Munich, 1909), 1:323–546, and
Briefwechsel mit Kaiser Wilhelm II
(Munich, 1928). See also Geoffrey C. Field,
Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston S. Chamberlain
(New York, 1981).

40.
Celia S. Heller,
On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland Between the Two World Wars
(New York, 1980), 50–57; Ezra Mendelsohn,
The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars
(Bloomington, 1983), 40.

41.
Elias Heifetz,
The Slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine
(New York, 1920), 1–20, 41–74; J. Lestchinsky,
Twishn Lebn un Toit
(Vilna, 1930); 1:19–53. See also Baruch Ben-Anat, “Peraot Ukraina, 1919–1921,”
Kivunim
47.10 (December 1996): 105–39 (in Hebrew).

42.
Robert S. Wistrich,
Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky
(London, 1976), 1–22.

43.
For Communist attitudes toward the Jews in the Soviet Union, see Edmund Silberner,
Kommunisten zur Judenfrage
(Darmstadt, 1983), 138–210.

44.
Alfred Rosenberg,
Der Staatsfeindliche Zionismus
, 2d ed. (Munich, 1938); Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf
(Boston, 1943), 324–25; Robert Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi Legacy
(New York, 1985), 154–73.

45.
Mendelsohn,
Jews of East Central Europe
, 23–30, 68–71, 100–107; David Vital,
A People Apart: The Jews in Europe 1789–1939
(Oxford, 1999), 837–96.

46.
Edward Wynot, “ ‘A Necessary Cruelty’: The Emergence of Official Antisemitism in Poland,”
American Historical Review
76.4 (October 1971): 1035–58; Jerzy Holzer, “Polish Political Parties and Antisemitism,”
Polin
8 (1994): 200–205; Szymon Rudnicki,
Obóz Narodowo Radykalny i Geneza i dzialalnosc
(Warsaw, 1985).

47.
Yfaat Weiss, “Polish and German Jews Between Hitler’s Rise to Power and the Outbreak of the Second World War,”
Leo Baeck Yearbook
(henceforth
LBIYB
) 44 (1999): 205–23; Emmanuel Melzer, “Antisemitism in the Last Years of the Second Polish Republic,” in Y. Gutman et al., eds,
The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars
(Hanover, N.H., 1989), 126–37; Wlliam W Hagen, “Before the ‘Final Solution’: Towards a Comparative Analysis of Political Antisemitism in Interwar Germany and Poland,”
The Journal of Modern History
68 (June 1996): 351–81.

48.
Ezra Mendelsohn, “Interwar Poland: Good for the Jews or Bad for the Jews?” in C. Abramsky et al., eds.,
The Jews in Poland (Oxford
, 1986), 130–39.

49.
Norman Davies,
God’s Playground: A History of Poland
(Oxford, 1981), 2:240–66; Emmanuel Meltzer,
Ma’avak Medini Be Malkodet: Yehudei Polin, 1935–1939
(Tel Aviv, 1982), trans. as
No Way Out: The Politics of Polish Jewry, 1935–1939
(Cincinnati,
1997); Pawel Korzec,
Juifs en Pologne: la question Juive pendant l’entre-deux-guerres
(Paris, 1980), 165–98, 263ff.

50.
Anna Landau-Czajka, “The Ubiquitous Enemy: The Jew in the Political Thought of Radical Right-Wing Nationalists in Poland, 1926–1939,”
Polin4
(1989): 169–203, and “The Image of the Jew in the Catholic Press during the Second Republic,”
Polin
8 (1994); Israel Gutman, “The Popular Image of the Jew in Modern Poland,” in Wistrich,
Demonizing the Other
, 257–66.

51.
Ronald Modras,
The Catholic Church and Antisemitism in Poland, 1933–1939
(London, 1994), 315, 345–46; Edward Wynot, “The Catholic Church and State, 1935–1939,”
Journal of Church and State
15 (1973): 223–40.

52.
Bernard Wasserstein,
Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945
(London, 1979), 17–21.

53.
Henry Feingold, “Was There Communal Failure? Some Thoughts on the American Jewish Response to the Holocaust,”
American Jewish History
81.1 (autumn 1993): 60–80. See also Henry Feingold,
Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust
(Syracuse, N.Y., 1995), 169–201, 225–76.

54.
Richard Bolchover,
British Jewry and the Holocaust
(Cambridge, 1993), 103–20; also Tony Kushner,
The Persistence of Prejudice: AntiSemitism in British Society During the Second World War
(Manchester, 1989), 78–105, and
The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination
(Oxford, 1994), 146–72.

55.
Abraham Brumberg, “The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in the Late 1930s,” in Gutman,
Jews of Poland
, 75–96; Jerzy Holzer, “Relations Between Polish and Jewish Left-wing Groups in Interwar Poland,” in Abramsky,
Jews in Poland
, 140–46.

56.
Emanuel Ringelbaum,
Polish-Jewish Relations During the Second World War
, ed. and annotated by Joseph Kermish and Shmuel Krakowski (Evanston, 1992), 7–8.

57.
Ibid., 39.

58.
Ibid., 53. Ringelbaum reproached the Poles for not actively opposing the impression that “the entire Polish nation of all classes approved of the behaviour of the Polish antiSemites.”

59.
Mordekhai Tenenbaum-Tamaroff,
Dapim min hadlekhah
(Tel Aviv, 1947), 49–50.

60.
Karski’s report on Polish Jewry under Nazi and Soviet occupation
is reprinted in Norman Davies and Antony Polowsky, eds.,
Jews in Eastern Poland and the U.S.S.R., 1939–46
(London, 1991). See esp. 269.

61.
Jan Blónski,
Biedni Polacy patrza na ghetto
(The poor Poles look at the ghetto) (Cracow, 1994), reprints Kossak-Szczucki, “Protest,” in full. See also Antony Polonsky, “Beyond Condemnation. Apologetics and Apologies: On the Complexity of Polish Behavior Toward the Jews During the Second World War,” in
Studies in Contemporary Jewry
(Oxford, 1997), 13:190–224.

62.
Jan T. Gross,
Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland
(Princeton, 2001), 90–104.

63.
See Jan Gross,
Upiorna dekada: trzy eseje o stereotypach na temat Zydów, Polaków, Niemców, Kommunistów, 1939–1948
(Cursed decade: three essays on stereotypes about Jews, Poles, Germans, and Communists) (Cracow, 1998).

64.
Gross,
Neighbours
, 105–10.

65.
Ibid., 54–71. The quote is on 65.

2. F
ROM
W
EIMAR TO
H
ITLER

1.
Jochmann,
Gesellschaftskrise
, 132–70.

2.
See Hans Mommsen,
The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy
(Chapel Hill, 1996).

3.
H. A. Winkler, “AntiSemitism in Weimar Society,” in Herbert A. Strauss, ed.,
Hostages of Modernization: Studies in Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1939
(Berlin, 1993), 196–205.

4.
Jochmann,
Gesellschaftskrise
, 171–94.

5.
Werner T. Angress, “Juden im politischen Leben der Revolutionszeit,” in Werner E. Mosse and Arnold Paucker, eds.,
Deutsches Judentum in Krieg und Revolution, 1916–1923
(Tübingen, 1971), 235–51.

6.
Ibid., 254–308.

7.
Ernst Schulin,
Walther Rathenau: Repräsentant, Kritiker, und Opfer seiner Zeit
(Göttingen, 1979); Peter Loewenberg,
Fantasy and Reality in History
(New York, 1995), 108–18.

8.
Yitzhak Arad et al., eds.,
Documents on the Holocaust
(Jerusalem, 1981), 15–18.

9.
Robert S. Wistrich, “Georg von Schoenerer and the Genesis of Modern Austrian Antisemitism,” in Strauss,
Hostages
, 675–88.

10.
Robert S. Wistrich,
The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph
(Oxford, 1989), 211.

11.
Brigitte Hamann,
Hitler’s Vienna: A Dictator’s Apprenticeship
(New York, 1999), 244–45, 251–53.

12.
Robert S. Wistrich, “Karl Lueger and the Ambiguities of Viennese Antisemitism,”
Jewish Social Studies
45 (1983): 251–62; Richard S. Geehr,
Karl Lueger: Mayor of Fin de Siècle Vienna
(Detroit, 1990), 171–207.

13.
Hamann,
Hitler’s Vienna
, 273–303.

14.
Mein Kampf
120. For other influences on Hitler’s antiSemitism stemming from sources such as Lanz von Liebenfels and Guido von List, see Jackson Spielvogel and David Redles, “Hitler’s Racial Ideology: Content and Occult Sources,”
Simon Wiesenthal Centre Annual (SWC
) (1986): 227–46; also Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke,
The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology; The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935
(New York, 1992), 33–48, 90–122, 192–204.

15.
Hamann,
Hitler’s Vienna
, 24–27, 38–39, 62–67; Paul Lawrence Rose,
Wagner: Race and Revolution
(London, 1992), 147, 181–83; Joachim Köhler,
Wagner’s Hitler: The Prophet and His Disciple
(Cambridge, 2000), 191–208, 269–95; T. C. W. Blanning, “Hitler, Vienna, and Wagner,”
German History
18.4 (2000): 487–94; Saul Friedländer and Jörn Rüsen, eds.,
Richard Wagner im Dritten Reich
(Munich, 2000), esp. the essay by Paul L. Rose, pp. 283–308.

16.
Margaret Brearley “Hitler and Wagner: The Leader, the Master, and the Jews,”
Patterns of Prejudice 222
(1988): 3–21.

17.
Wistrich,
Antisemitism
, 57.

18.
Mein Kampf
55.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Ibid., 60–62.

21.
Hamann,
Hitler’s Vienna
, 347–59. See also Ian Kershaw,
Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris
(London, 1999), 36–69, on his period as a dropout.

22.
Mein Kampf 59.

23.
Ibid., 512. Arad,
Documents
, 445–48.

24.
Mein Kampf
,445–48.

25.
Ibid., 65.

26.
Klaus Vondung,
Magie und Manipulation: Ideologische Kult und politische Religion des Nationalsozialismus
(Göttingen, 1971); James
Rhodes,
The Hitler Movement: A Modern Millenarian Revolution
(Stanford, 1980), 29–84, and Ley and Schoeps,
Nationalsozialismus
, 151–85, 229–60.

27.
Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse
, 27–47.

28.
Mein Kampf
, 772.

29.
Hitler to Chvalkovsky, 21 January 1939, in
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1954, Series D
(Washington, D.C., 1949–1964), 190–95 (henceforth
DGFP).

30.
Werner Maser, ed.,
Hitler’s Letters and Notes
(New York, 1974), 215.

31.
Ibid.

32.
Gerhard L. Weinberg, ed.,
Hitler’s Zweites Buch: Ein Dokument aus dem Jahre 1928
(Stuttgart, 1961), 22–23.

33.
Ibid., 222.

34.
Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse
, 43–44.

35.
Alex Bein, “Der Jüdische Parasit-Bemerkungen zur Semantik der Judenfrage,”
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
(1965), 121–49 (henceforth
VJfZ).

36.
Philippe Burrin, “Nazi Antisemitism: Animalization and Demonization,” in Wistrich,
Demonizing the Other
, 223–33.