Holy Warriors (66 page)

60.
Ibid., p. 367.

61.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, pp. 226–34.

62.
Ambroise,
History of the Holy War
, pp. 187–91.

63.
Ibid., p. 193.

64.
Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 222–53.

65.
Ibn al-Athir,
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir, Part 2
, p. 387.

66.
Itinerarium peregrinorum
, p. 382.

67.
Abd al-Latif, cited in Ibn Abi Usay’bia, translated in B. Lewis,
Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople. Volume 1: Politics and War
(Oxford, 1987), pp. 66–67.

1.
Innocent III, “Epistolae et privilegia,” Innocent to the patriarch of Antioch, June 1211, in
Patrologia Latina
, ed. J. P. Migne, vol. 216, cols. 435–36.

2.
C. Maier, “Mass, the Eucharist and the Cross: Innocent III and the Relocation of the Crusade,” in
Pope Innocent III and His World
, ed. J. C. Moore (Aldershot, 1999), pp. 351–60.

3.
E. N. Johnson, “The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI,” in
A History of the Crusades
, ed. K. M. Setton, 6 vols. (Wisconsin, 1969–89), 2.87–122.

4.
E. Kennan, “Innocent III and the First Political Crusade,” in
Traditio
27 (1971), pp. 231–49; N. Housley, “Crusades Against Christians: Their Origins and Early Development, c. 1000–1216,” in
Crusade and Settlement
, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 17–36. See also
The Deeds of Pope Innocent III by an Anonymous Author
, ed. and tr. J. M. Powell (Washington, 2004), pp. 19–49.

5.
Die Register Innocenz’ III
, ed. O. Hageneder et al. (Vienna, 1964), 2.413–14.

6.
Deeds of Pope Innocent III
, p. 46, translating “remissione” as “indulgence” rather than Powell’s “blessing.”

7.
For overviews of the Fourth Crusade, see J. P. Phillips,
The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
(London, 2004); D. E. Queller and T. F. Madden,
The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople
, second edition (Philadelphia, 1997); M. Angold,
The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context
(Harlow, 2003).

8.
Innocent III,
Sources for the History of the Fourth Crusade
, tr. A. Andrea (Leiden, 2000), pp. 10–11.

9.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 39–47.

10.
Geoffrey of Villehardouin (henceforth GV), “The Conquest of Constantinople,” in
Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades
, tr. C. Smith (London, 2008).

11.
J. Longnon,
Les Compagnons de Villehardouin: Recherches sur les croisés de la quatrième croisade
(Geneva, 1978).

12.
Madden,
Enrico Dandolo
, pp. 63–68, 90–116.

13.
Gunther of Pairis,
The Capture of Constantinople
, ed. and tr. A. J. Andrea (Philadelphia, 1997), p. 97.

14.
See the comments on this figure by Smith in GV, “Conquest,” pp. 350–51, n. 14.

15.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 9.

16.
Ibid., p. 10.

17.
D. E. Queller and T. F. Madden, “Some Further Arguments in Defence of the Venetians on the Fourth Crusade,” in
Byzantion
62 (1992), pp. 433–73.

18.
GV, “Conquest,” pp. 9–11.

19.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, p. 66.

20.
Ibid., pp. 67–72.

21.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 12.

22.
H. de Jubainville,
Histoire des ducs et des comtes de Champagne
, 8 vols. (Paris, 1859–69), 4.96.

23.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 81–87.

24.
Ibid., pp. 90–95.

25.
Robert of Clari,
The Conquest of Constantinople
, tr. E. H. McNeal (New York, 1936), p. 40.

26.
Madden,
Enrico Dandolo
, p. 16.

27.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 20.

28.
Robert of Clari,
Constantinople
, p. 42.

29.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 24.

30.
Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay (henceforth PVC),
The History of the Albigensian Crusade
, trs. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge, 1998), p. 58.

31.
Innocent III,
Sources
, pp. 41–45.

32.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 120–23.

33.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 26.

34.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 130–34.

35.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 27; Robert of Clari,
Constantinople
, p. 66.

36.
Innocent III,
Sources
, p. 48.

37.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 34.

38.
Ibid., p. 38.

39.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 165–68.

40.
GV, “Conquest,” pp. 42–43.

41.
Ibid., p. 46.

42.
Letter of Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Sources
, p. 197.

43.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 48.

44.
Niketas Choniates,
O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates
, tr. H. J. Magoulias (Detroit, 1984), p. 299.

45.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 50.

46.
Letter of Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Sources
, pp. 187–89; Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 193–96.

47.
Ibid., p. 199.

48.
Ibid., pp. 199–200.

49.
Letter of Alexius IV to Innocent III,
Sources
, p. 79.

50.
Niketas Choniates,
Annals
, p. 302.

51.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 52.

52.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 197–205.

53.
Ibid., pp. 206–10.

54.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 57.

55.
Robert of Clari,
Constantinople
, p. 84.

56.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 58.

57.
Niketas Choniates,
Annals
, p. 307.

58.
Robert of Clari,
Constantinople
, p. 89.

59.
Niketas Choniates,
Annals
, p. 312.

60.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 233–36.

61.
Robert of Clari,
Constantinople
, pp. 91–92.

62.
Innocent III,
Sources
, pp. 140–44; Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 237–40.

63.
Ibid., pp. 240–47.

64.
GV, “Conquest,” p. 64.

65.
Robert of Clari,
Constantinople
, p. 95.

66.
Ibid., pp. 96–98.

67.
GV, “Conquest,” pp. 66–67.

68.
Letter of Baldwin of Flanders,
Sources
, p. 107.

69.
Gunther of Pairis,
The Capture of Constantinople
, p. 111.

70.
Ibid., pp. 122–28; “The Anonymous of Soissons,”
Sources
, pp. 230–38; “The Deeds of the Bishops of Halberstadt,”
Sources
, pp. 260–63.

71.
Nicholas Mesarites, translated in C. M. Brand,
Byzantium Confronts the West, 1180–1204
(Cambridge, MA, 1968), p. 269.

72.
Niketas Choniates,
Annals
, p. 317.

73.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. xi–xii, 270–75.

74.
Innocent III,
Sources
, p. 147.

75.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 281–91; P. Lock,
The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500
(Harlow, 1995); N. Chrissis,
“Crusading in Romania: A Study of Byzantine-Western Relations and Attitudes
,” Ph.D. thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2007.

76.
Phillips,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 298–303.

77.
Innocent III,
Sources
, p. 114.

78.
Ibid., p. 135.

79.
Ibid., p. 166.

80.
Ibid., p. 173.

81.
Ibid., p. 176.

1.
Several excellent books on this subject exist: R. I. Moore,
The Birth of Popular Heresy
(London, 1975); M. Lambert,
Medieval Heresy
, third edition (Oxford, 2002). On the Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade more broadly, see M. Barber,
The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages
(Harlow, 2000); M. G. Pegg,
A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom
(Oxford, 2008); M. Costen,
The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade
(Manchester, 1997); L. W. Marvin,
The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218
(Cambridge, 2008); J. Sumption,
The Albigensian

2.
R. I. Moore,
The Formation of a Persecuting Society
, second edition (Oxford, 2007).

3.
William of Tudela in
The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade
, tr. J. Shirley (Aldershot, 1996), p. 13.

4.
Barber,
Cathars
, pp. 71–106.

5.
Decrees of the Third Lateran Council, 1179, in
Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils
, ed. N. Tanner, 2 vols. (Washington, 1990), 1.224–25.

6.
Henry of Marcy, abbot of Clairvaux, mission to Languedoc 1178, translated in Moore,
The Birth of Popular Heresy
, pp. 116–22.

7.
Pegg,
Most Holy War
, pp. 59–60.

8.
William of Tudela,
Song
, p. 12.

9.
There is an account of the murder in PVC, pp. 31–34.

10.
William of Tudela,
Song
, p. 14.

11.
Innocent III to French provinces, in PVC, pp. 303–4.

12.
Ibid., p. 45.

13.
Ibid., p. 24.

14.
Innocent III to Raymond VI of Toulouse, May 1207, in PVC, pp. 304–5.

15.
Ibid., p. 24.

16.
William of Tudela,
Song
, p. 123.

17.
C. F. O’Meara,
The Iconography of the Façade of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
(New York, 1977).

18.
William of Tudela,
Song
, pp. 15–16; PVC, pp. 42–45.

19.
For accounts of the siege see
Song of the Cathar Wars
, pp. 19–23; PVC, pp. 47–51; Marvin,
Occitan War
, pp. 37–45.

20.
William of Tudela,
Song
, p. 20.

21.
For a discussion of this evidence see PVC, Appendix B, pp. 289–93. It should be noted that the source for this comment was not present at the siege. Even if, however, it is not accurate, the sentiment conveyed shows the Church attitude toward the Cathars.

22.
PVC, pp. 56–57; Marvin,
Occitan War
, pp. 45–62.

23.
William of Tudela,
Song
, p. 74.

24.
PVC, pp. 78–79.

25.
William of Tudela,
Song
, p. 116.

26.
Ibid., p. 172.

27.
Ibid., p. 176.

28.
R. Kay,
The Council of Bourges, 1225: A Documentary History
(Aldershot, 2002).

29.
Barber,
Cathars
, pp. 139–44.

30.
B. Hamilton,
The Medieval Inquisition
(London, 1981); J. B. Given,
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline and Resistance in Languedoc
(Ithaca, 1997); W. L. Wakefield,
Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100–1250
(London, 1974); Barber,
Cathars
, pp. 144–52, 169–75; Costen,
Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade
, pp. 161–74.

31.
William of Puylaurens,
Chronicle: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath
, tr. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 82–86.

32.
The
Manual for Inquisitors
is translated in Wakefield,
Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France
, pp. 250–58. See also William of Puylaurens,
Chronicle
, pp. 91–98.

33.
Good accounts of the siege are in Costen,
Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade
, pp. 159–60; Sumption,
Albigensian Crusade
, pp. 236–41.

34.
William of Puylaurens,
Chronicle
, p. 108.

35.
G. Dickson,
The Children’s Crusade: Medieval History, Modern Mythistory
(Basingstoke, 2007).

36.
Ibid., pp. 131–57.

37.
Ibid., p. 126.

38.
Translation in ibid., p. 55.

39.
“Laon Anonymous,” translation in ibid., p. 76.

40.
Innocent III,
Quia maior
, translated in Riley-Smith,
Crusades: Idea and Reality
, pp. 118–24.

41.
O’Callaghan,
Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
, pp. 50–77; D. J. Smith,
Innocent III and the Crown of Aragon: The Limits of Papal Authority
(Aldershot, 2004).

42.
Kennedy,
Muslim Spain and Portugal
, pp. 200–36.

43.
O’Callaghan,
Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
, pp. 61, 63, 142, 179–83; Kennedy,
Muslim Spain and Portugal
, pp. 244–47.

44.
Kennedy,
Muslim Spain and Portugal
, pp. 249–56.

45.
O’Callaghan,
Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
, pp. 72–73, 142–43.