1.
| Ricketts et al., 2011. On September 21, 2008, the
New York Times
ran a long article on efforts to restore “Western Civilization” courses, headlined “Conservatives Try New Tack on Campuses.” This article prompted renewed efforts at the University of Texas that culminated in the elimination of the “Western Civilization” course.
|
2.
| Thornton, 2000 (he rejects that position).
|
3.
| Shaw, 2012; Kimball, 2008: 56.
|
4.
| Bernal, 1987.
|
5.
| Goldstone, 2009; Nasr, 1968; Saliba, 2007.
|
6.
| Frank, 2011; Wallerstein, 1974, 2004.
|
7.
| Frank, 1998; Hobson, 2004; Pomeranz, 2000.
|
8.
| Stark, 2009. When the Turks took Constantinople in 1453, they breached the walls with cannons cast for them by Hungarian craftsmen. (See McNeill, 1982.)
|
9.
| Most recently Ian Morris, 2010.
|
10.
| Hanson, 2001: 16.
|
11.
| Diamond, 1998; Cipolla, 1965.
|
12.
| Mendelssohn, 1976.
|
13.
| Marx and Engels,
The Communist Manifesto
.
|
14.
| McCloskey, 2010: 6, 8.
|
15.
| Marx [1845] 1998: 61.
|
16.
| Mornet, 1947 (translation by Christopher Hill, 1980: 2–3).
|
17.
| Osborne, 2006: 60.
|
1.
| Taagepera, 1978, 1979.
|
2.
| Oppenheim, 1977; Saggs, 1989.
|
3.
| Harris [1977] 1991: 235.
|
4.
| Wilkinson, 2010: 37–38.
|
5.
| Harris [1977] 1991: 172–73.
|
6.
| Ghirshman, 1955.
|
7.
| Jones, 1987: xxiii–xxiv.
|
8.
| Harris [1977] 1991: 234.
|
9.
| Jones, 1987: 5.
|
10.
| See: Wittfogel [1957] 1981: 71–72.
|
11.
| Quoted in Wilkinson, 2010: 342.
|
12.
| Grossman, 1963.
|
13.
| Wilkinson, 2010: 344.
|
14.
| Russell, 1967: 99.
|
15.
| Dawson, 1972: 62.
|
16.
| Hartwell, 1966, 1967, 1971; McNeill, 1982.
|
17.
| Reade, 125: 108.
|
18.
| McNeill, 1963: 40.
|
19.
| Finley, 1965: 29.
|
20.
| Moritz, 1958.
|
21.
| Lewis, 2002: 118; Gimple, 1976.
|
22.
| I see no need to refute the nonsense that the Greeks stole it all from Africa: Bernal, 1987.
|
23.
| Hamilton [1930] 1993: 24–25.
|
24.
| Herodotus,
The History
, bk. 8; Hansen, 2006b.
|
25.
| Grant, 1988: xiii.
|
26.
| Hansen, 2006b.
|
27.
| Chandler, 1987: 461.
|
28.
| Lacey, 2011: 125.
|
29.
| Migeotte, 2009: 16.
|
30.
| Ibid.
|
31.
| Hanson, 2001: 17.
|
32.
| Chirot, 1985.
|
33.
| Grant, 1988: 28.
|
34.
| Jones [1987] 2003: 2.
|
35.
| Lacey, 2011: 136.
|
36.
| Quote in Lacey, 2011: 135.
|
37.
| Herodotus based his account on conversations with Athenian veterans of the battle. We can be certain about the number of Athenian dead, since they were buried in a common grave mound and the name of each was inscribed on one of three small marble monuments placed at the site. The mound can still be visited; two of the monuments have disappeared, the third is now in the Athens Museum.
|
38.
| Hanson, 2001, 2009.
|
39.
| Lacey, 2011: 189.
|
40.
| Although Greek armies consisted of citizen volunteers, during peacetime some adventuresome souls were always willing to fight elsewhere for pay.
|
41.
| Hanson, 2001: 2.
|
42.
| Ibid., 279–333.
|
43.
| Plato,
Laches.
|
44.
| Tod, 1948: 2:204.
|
45.
| Hanson, 2001: 329.
|
46.
| Josephus,
Jewish War
3:107
|
47.
| Austin and Vidal-Naquet, 1972: 107.
|
48.
| Johnson, 2003: 48.
|
49.
| Austin and Vidal-Naquet, 1972; French, 1964; Finley, 1973, 1981; Migeotte, 2009; Scheidel, Morris, and Saller, 2007.
|
50.
| Migeotte, 2009; Scheidel, Morris, and Saller, 2007.
|
51.
| Morris, 2009: 113.
|
52.
| Migeotte, 2009: 21; Scheidel, Morris, and Saller, 2007: 42.
|
53.
| Scheidel, Morris, and Saller, 2007: 11.
|
54.
| Reden, 2007: 400.
|
55.
| Cohen, 1992: 3.
|
56.
| Ibid., 61.
|
57.
| Harris, 1989: 329.
|
58.
| Harris, 1989; Thomas, 1992.
|
59.
| Lyons, 2010: 13.
|
60.
| Harris, 1989: 58–59.
|
61.
| As quoted by Xenophon,
Memorabilia of Socrates
, 1:6:14.
|
62.
| Spoken by Prometheus in Aeschylus’s
Prometheus Unbound
(ca. 442 BC).
|
63.
| Boardman, 1988; Johnson, 2003.
|
64.
| Johnson, 2003: 60–64.
|
65.
| Brockett and Hildy, 2007.
|
66.
| Ulrich and Pisk, 1963.
|
67.
| Williams, 1903.
|
68.
| Beye, 1987; Whitmarsh, 2004.
|
69.
| Cuomo, 2007; Finley, 1959; Major, 1996; Moritz, 1958; White, 1984; Wilson, 2002.
|
70.
| Cuomo, 2007.
|
71.
| Ibid.
|
72.
| West, 2001: 140.
|
73.
| Needham, 1956: 581.
|
74.
| Herodotus,
The History
, 2:19
|
75.
| Freeman, 1999: 150.
|
76.
| Anaxagoras,
Fragments of Anaxagoras
, frag. 12.
|
77.
| Whitehead [1929] 1979: 39.
|
78.
| Plato,
Phaedo
, 95.
|
79.
| McLendon, 1959: 90.
|
80.
| Wild, 1949: 8.
|
81.
| Caird, 1904; McLendon, 1959; Wolfson, 1947.
|
82.
| Plato,
Laws
, bk. 10.
|
83.
| Plato,
Republic.
|
84.
| Plato,
Laws.
|
85.
| In Lindberg, 1992: 54.
|
86.
| See: Aristotle,
On the Heavens
and
Metaphysics
.
|
87.
| Aristotle,
Eudemian Ethics
.
|
88.
| Aristotle,
Metaphysics
.
|
89.
| Stark, 2005.
|
90.
| Freeman, 1999: 6.
|
91.
| Westermann, 1941.
|
92.
| Freeman, 1999: 121.
|
93.
| For a summary, see Finley, 1980.
|
94.
| Vogt, 1974: 25.
|
95.
| Freeman, 1999: 3.
|
96.
| Aristotle,
Constitution of Athens
, 24.
|
97.
| Kroeber’s findings were replicated by Gray, 1958.
|
98.
| Roberts, 1998: 38.
|
