Authors: Simon Read
Human Game: The True Story of the 'Great Escape' Murders and the Hunt for the Gestapo Gunmen (44 page)
206
Town clerk is told Gestapo does not require permission to conduct its business. Fahl statement. Air 40/2493/154.
206
“The corpses were cremated…” Schafer statement. Air 40/2493/156.
206
“No, I didn’t know their names…” Schafer statement. Air 40/2493/156.
206
Russian laborer suspects bodies are British or Australian officers. Schafer statement. Air 40/2493/156.
206
Tischendorf recalls the night of the murders. Tischendorf statement. Air 40/2493/138.
207
“I cannot remember the date and times very clearly…” Tischendorf statement. Air 40/2493/138.
207
Four airmen recaptured as they make their way through town, confess to being British officers. Linke statement. Air 40/2493/141.
207
“Concerning the escape proper…” Linke statement. Air 40/2493/141.
208
List of police record numbers for the recaptured men. Linke statement. Air 40/2493/141.
208
“In the built-up area of the town…” Linke statement. Air 40/2493/141.
208
Berlin notified of capture; Post shows up to take men away. Linke statement. Air 40/2493/141.
208
Typists confirm Post’s presence during interrogations. Christiansen statement. Air 40/2493/140; Rodenberg statement. Air 40/2493/153.
208
Clausen provides Oskar Schmidt’s name. Clausen statement. Air 40/2493/146.
209
“Officially, I had nothing to do with the case…” Mueller statement. Air 40/2493/152.
209
Kaehler, Jacobs, Franz and Oskar Schmidt are arrested. Andrews, pg. 222.
209
“This looks bad.” Andrews, pg. 222.
209
“sworn under penalty of death and degradation…” Investigation progress report: November 18, 1946. Air 40/2493/174.
209
Summary of Kiel murders. Investigation progress report: November 18, 1946. Air 40/2493/174-175.
210
Franz Schmidt hangs himself. Andrews, pg. 224; Investigation progress report: November 18, 1946. Air 40/2493/176.
210
“
Schlechter mann, schlechter mann
…” Andrews, pg. 224.
210
Oskar Schmidt details shootings and is summoned to chief’s office. Schmidt statement. Air 40/2493/170.
211
“He told me that he would merely believe…” Schmidt statement. Air 40/2493/170.
211
Jacobs details Post’s brutality, turns back on scene. Jacobs statement. Air 40/2493/164.
211
“I wish to emphasize…” Jacobs statement. Air 40/2493/164.
211
Kaehler says both Schmidts and Jacobs took part in shooting. Kaehler statement. Air 40/2493/159.
211
“All of the prisoners fell forward…” Kaehler statement. Air 40/2493/159.
212
“I can just as well recall…” Kaehler statement. Air 40/2493/160.
212
“I wish to finish this statement…” Kaehler statement. Air 40/2493/160.
212
Oskar Schmidt concedes he may have fired one shot. Schmidt statement. Air 40/2493/151.
212
“If Kaehler says that I shot…” Schmidt statement. Air 40/2493/151.
212
Arrest of Struve and Denkmann. Struve statement. Air 40/2493/166; Investigation progress report: November 18, 1946. Air 40/2493/173; Andrews, pg. 222.
212
Types of the cars used in the killing. Struve statement. Air 40/2493/166.
212
Struve drops off prisoners, hears shots fired. Struve statement. Air 40/2493/167.
212
“one loud detonation.” Struve statement. Air 40/2493/167.
212
“They are lying there.” Struve statement. Air 40/2493/167.
212
Struve peers over the bush and sees the bodies. Struve statement. Air 40/2493/167.
213
“On the return journey…” Struve statement. Air 40/2493/167.
213
“Sturmbannführer Schmidt and Kriminalkommissar Post…” Investigation progress report: November 18, 1946. Air 40/2493/175, 176-177.
213
“I believe this was the most-bitter winter…” Andrews, pg. 232.
213
“appalling.” Andrews, pg. 232.
213
Winter conditions kill twelve thousand Germans. MacDonogh, pg. 497.
213
“Whenever I recall the winter of 1946 to 1947…” Carl Zuckmayer quoted in MacDonogh, pg. 496.
213
“I shall never forget that drive…” Andrews, pg. 233.
213
“After the rigors of the winter…” Andrews, pg. 233.
213
Post and Schmidt’s postwar travels. Baumann statement. Air 40/2493/148.
215
Details regarding Schmidt’s clothing and family. Baumann statement. Air 40/2493/148.
215
Details regarding Post’s family and mistress. Baumann statement. Air 40/2493/148.
216
Raid on Heidt household; McKenna gets hands on photograph. Andrews, pg. 225; Investigation progress report: January 26, 1947. Air 40/2279/010.
216
Searching houses in Kiel, information provided by Heidt’s cousin, Post’s P.O. Box. Investigation progress report: January 26, 1947. Air 40/2279/010.
217
“From all police offices…” quoted in Bessel, pg. 55.
217
German military not immune to Nazi brutality; Berlin residents shot or hanged from trees. Bessel, pg. 63; Ryan, pg. 480.
217
List of war crimes against Allied soldiers and airmen. Cab 66/56/4.
219
“very old and an imbecile.” Investigation progress report: August 7, 1947. Air 40/2272/010.
219
Visiting Schmidt’s mother; two decades to find Schmidt. Investigation progress report: August 7, 1947. Air 40/2272/010; Andrews, pg. 231.
219
“spasmodic…of information given to various officials…” Investigation progress report: May 23, 1947. Air 40/2272/028.
219
Number and status of wanted men tracked down by the RAF. Loose minute: May 23, 1947. Air 40/2272/026-027.
219
Daniel hunts for Ziegler, interrogates the man’s mother, sister, and nephew. Andrews, pgs., 165–166; Investigation progress report: September 24, 1946. Air 40/2272/064.
220
McKenna notified of Pohlmann’s arrest. Investigation progress report: May 21, 1947. Air 40/2272/033.
220
“a haulage contractor.” Andrews, pg. 225.
220
“in connection with the murders of 300 people…” Investigation progress report: May 21, 1947. Air 40/2272/033.
220
McKenna travels to Minden to interview the prisoner. Investigation progress report: May 21, 1947. Air 40/2272/033.
220
McKenna studies prisoner through spy hole in cell door and examines picture of Post and Heidt. Andrews, pg. 226.
221
“That’s me. I am Post.” Andrews, pg. 226.
221
Catanach asks, “Why?” Andrews, pg. 231.
221
“How could you do such a thing as this?” Andrews, pg. 12.
221
“Inhuman! I was dealing with sub-humans…” Andrews, pg. 12.
222
McKenna and Bowes consider the Kiel case closed. Investigation progress report: June 30, 1947. Air 40/2492/020.
222
“It has now been established…” Investigation progress report: June 30, 1947. Air 40/2492/020.
222
“This can be considered…” Investigation progress report: June 30, 1947. Air 40/2492/021.
223
McKenna distributes photo sheets. Air 40/2272/007-010; information provided by Schäfer’s wife. Air 40/2272/010.
223
Mug shots of wanted men are published in
Rogue’s Gallery.
Air 40/2272/007.
223
Ziegler is captured and commits suicide. Andrews, pg. 258.
223
Eighteen defendants go on trial in Hamburg. UNWCC, pg. 31.
224
Charges quoted in UNWCC, pg. 31.
224
Individual charges leveled against defendants. UNWCC, pgs. 31–32.
225
Specific charges against Wielen; all defendants plead not guilty. UNWCC, pg. 32.
225
“Owing to the
Grossfahndung
(the nation-wide search)…” UNWCC, pg. 35.
225
“I could not have been a National Socialist…” Carroll, pg. 297.
225
“the plea of superior orders.” UNWCC, pg. 46.
225
“International law must not place the subject…” UNWCC, pg. 50.
225
“My attitude is quite clear…” Andrews, pg. 256.
226
“statute or decree…” UNWCC, pg. 50.
226
“a British hospital ship which was sunk by a submarine.” UNWCC, pg. 48.
226
“Patzig’s order does not free the accused of guilt.” UNWCC, pg. 48.
226
“infringement of civil or military law.” UNWCC, pg. 48.
226
“liable to punishment.” UNWCC, pg. 48.
226
“The term ‘war crime’ is a technical expression…” UNWCC, pg. 51.
226
“on the uncorroborated evidence…” UNWCC, pg. 51.
226
“that the evidence given was true.” UNWCC, pg. 51.
227
Zacharias claims he was penetrated by an electric probe. Andrews, pg. 145.
227
“information on Gestapo hot-iron methods…” Andrews, pg. 145.
227
Zacharias made to strip and kneel for hours. Andrews, pg. 145.
227
“I can only die once…” Andrews, pg. 145.
227
Testimony: “I did not want…I could not get a confession of torture.” Reproduced in Andrews, pg. 145.
227
Testimony: “Surely as a British soldier…singular punishments were given in the London Cage?” Reproduced in Scotland, pgs. 155–156.
228
“Yes.” Scotland, pg. 156.
228
“If that were true…” Scotland, pg. 156.
228
“would become common property.” Scotland, pgs. 156–157.
228
“manufactured tales.” Scotland, pg. 158.
228
“the brutal fate of those fifty RAF officers.” Scotland, pg. 158.
228
“I did not make this statement upon oath…” Andrews, pg. 147.
229
“It was to be expected that the world…” Scotland, pgs. 158, 159.
229
“It is only when you lose the war…” Andrews, pg. 255.
229
Details of the defendants on the stand come from Scotland, pg. 154.
230
Exchange between Judge Advocate and Schimmel: “Why did you not carry…passing on the order to another official.” Andrews, pgs. 254, 255.
230
Court considerations when determining verdicts. UNWCC, pg. 52.
230
Verdicts rendered by the court. UNWCC, pgs. 52, 57-58.
230
Russians inform the British that Scharpwinkel is dead. Andrews, pg. 258.
231
Second trial, verdicts, and sentences. Davies, pgs. 143–144;
New York Times,
November 7, 1948.
231
Death of Absalon, OBE honors for McKenna and Bowes. Andrews, pg. 258.
232
British Foreign Secretary announces an end to war crimes prosecutions. Andrews, pg. 258.
232
Schäfer never charged in Munich murders. Andrews, pg. 259.
232
Venediger and Schmidt eventually come out of hiding and each receives two years for their involvement in the Sagan murders. Andrews, pg. 260.
233
“by British authorities as an act of clemency.”
New York Times,
October 25, 1952.
233
“duty to avoid capture” and “duty to escape.” Davies, pg. 173.
233
“didn’t see escaping as a sport…” Davies, pg. 173.
233
The seventy-two men identified by the RAF and their fates. Andrews, pg. 261.
Page numbers in italic indicate photographs; those followed by “n” indicate notes.
Absalon, Gunther (SS), xiv, 36–37, 42–45, 189, 190, 232
Absalon (Gunther’s wife), 44–45
Absalon, Paul and Martha (Gunther’s parents), 42–44
Achter, Josef (Munich Gestapo), 113–114
Achterberg, Kurt (Danzig Gestapo), xv, 163–166
A.E.L. Nordmark Concentration Camp, 220
Air Directorate of Intelligence, 73
American Authorities’ Headquarters in Wiesbaden, 40–41
American Occupation Zone, 38, 40, 41, 62, 99, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 121, 124, 138, 151, 153, 166, 181, 223
Auschwitz concentration camp, 155
Australian murdered escapees, 31.
See also specific murdered escapees
Austria, 84, 85, 86, 121
Baatz, Bernhard (Liberec Gestapo), xvi, 103, 104, 104n
barbarity of Nazi Party, 216–218, 221
Barkworth, Bill (Major), 131–132, 137–138
Battle of the Bulge, 118
Baum, Abraham J. (Captain), 119, 120–121
Baumann (Gestapo driver), 214–216, 218
Bavaria/Bavarian Alps, 81, 118, 127
Bavarian Police Gazette,
162
BBC, 94–95
Belgium, 33
Belsen internment camp, 45–46, 155
Bender (Saarbrücken
Kripo
), 151–152
Berghof at Obersalzberg, 13
Bergsland, Peter (Lieutenant), 33
Berlin, Germany, 10, 20, 21, 45, 58, 59, 60, 64, 100, 202, 208
Bethell, R. A. (Flight Lieutenant), 171–172, 174, 245
Bevin, Ernest (British Foreign Secretary), 232
Birkland, Henry (Flying Officer),
viii,
189, 239
Blackpool Borough Police, 32, 41, 232
Blenheim bombers, 191–192
Blitzkrieg on France and Low Countries, 3
Blum, Frau, 165–167
Boll, Wilhelm (mortician laborer), 25–26, 27
Boschert, Heinrich (Karlsruhe Gestapo), xv
Cochran murder, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140–141, 224
Sagan Case trial, 224, 229, 230
Bowes, Wilfred “Freddie” (Wing Commander), xiii, 219.
See also
Special Investigating Branch (SIB), RAF
background of, 72
final report on Sagan Case, 222
killing field examined by, 83
Kiowsky interrogation, 77–81, 83
Krupa and, 84
Landhaus Brichta hotel raid, 85–86
Lyon and, 101, 103
McKenna and, 72, 84, 85, 87, 100, 142, 222
mural of Gestapo satyrs, 77
Order of the British Empire, 232
Pankratz prison atrocities, 76–77, 82
Polish uncooperation in Breslau, 105–106
Russians and, 100
Sawerthal and, 103–104
Schauschütz interrogation, 74–76
Stalag Luft III visit, 106–107
Urbanek and, 81
Vaca and, 76–77
van der Bijil’s letter and, 72
Venediger and, 232
Zacharias interrogation, 86–89
Zlín Frontier Police headquarters, 81–83
Brandt, 167.
See also
Bruchardt, Reinhold (Venediger’s right-hand man)
Braune (Colonel,
kommandant
of Stalag Luft III), 28–30, 31
Breithaupt, Walter (Spann’s driver)
Bushell and Scheidhauer murders, 153–156, 224, 230
Bremen, Germany, 40, 86, 106
Breslau (Gestapo and
Kripo
), xiv.
See also specific members
defense of Breslau, 50, 51, 56, 62, 174–175
investigation of, 105–106, 107, 162, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176–179, 180–190
murder of recaptured Stalag Luft III escapees, 17
recapture of escapees, 17, 34, 49
responsibility for Stalag Luft III, 13–14
Russian Occupation Zone and, 39, 40, 45, 47, 56
Sagan region jurisdiction, 36
Breslau evacuees interviews, 47, 48–51
Brettell, Edward (Flight Lieutenant),
viii,
96, 162–170, 231, 239
British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), 205
British government’s promise to bring killers to justice, 31, 32, 33, 98.
See also
Special Investigating Branch (SIB), RAF
British Intelligence, 34, 45, 62, 65.
See also
London Cage
British Military Court, 223.
See also
Sagan Case trial
British murdered escapees, 31.
See also specific murdered escapees
British Occupation Zone, 38, 40, 58, 62, 66, 99, 117, 141, 151, 153, 158, 205, 208, 223
Brno/Zlín (Gestapo and
Kripo
), xiv–xv.
See also specific members
investigation of, 73–84
van der Bijil and, 64, 65–67, 72
Zlín Frontier Police headquarters, 81–83
Broli (Major), 246
Bruchardt, Reinhold (Venediger’s right-hand man), xv, 164, 165, 166–170, 231
Brüx, Germany, 101, 103, 105
Buchenwald concentration camp, 14, 155
Bull, Lester (Flight Lieutenant),
viii,
100–101, 102, 103, 104, 239
Bushell, Roger Joyce “Big X” (Squadron Leader),
viii,
239
background of, 2–3
escape artist, 3–4, 11, 146–149, 234
murder of, 98, 149–150, 150–159, 162, 218, 224, 230
X-Organization, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 204
Canadian murdered escapees, 31.
See also specific murdered escapees
Carter (Flight Lieutenant), 247
Casey, Mike (Flight Lieutenant),
viii,
186, 239
Catanach, James (Squadron Leader),
viii,
239
background of, 201–203
escape from Stalag Luft III, 20–21
murder of, 19, 20, 22–26, 162, 201, 208, 209, 210–211, 212–213, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231, 232–233
recapture of, 21, 22, 202,
202
Central Registry of Prisoners of War, 18
Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects (CROWCASS), 38, 196
Central Security Office, Berlin, 16, 16n, 21, 38, 39, 75, 114, 181, 192, 232
Christensen, Arnold (Pilot Officer),
viii,
239
background of, 202,
202,
203–204
escape from Stalag Luft III, 20–21
murder of, 19, 20, 22–26, 27, 162, 201, 208, 209, 210–211, 212–213, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231, 232–233
recapture of, 21, 22, 202,
202
Churchill, S. A. “Dick” (Flight Lieutenant), 171–172, 174
Clausen, Herman (Kiel Security Police), 208
Cochran, Dennis (Flying Officer),
viii,
240
background of, 129–130
escape from Stalag Luft III, 130, 247
murder of, 130, 132–138, 138–142, 162, 192–193, 224, 229, 230
recapture of, 130
cold case, 32, 33–42
Colditz concentration camp, 4, 103, 147
Cologne, Germany, 40, 57, 202
compass factory, X-Organization, 7, 10, 171, 245
concentration camps, xv, 14–15, 64, 65, 110, 131, 187.
See also specific concentration camps
“cooler, the” (solitary confinement), 28, 30
Cornish, M. S. (Captain), 184–186, 187, 188
Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), U.S., 86, 87, 166, 199
Courtney, Stephen (Flight Lieutenant), xiii.
See also
Special Investigating Branch (SIB), RAF
Achter interrogation, 113–114
Fritz (German Shepherd), 62, 96
Gassner interrogation, 110–112
Geith interrogation, 124–127
Graes interrogation, 96–99, 163
Greiner interrogation, 112–113
Hebberling interrogation, 127–128
internment camps canvassing, 62–63, 109, 113, 117–118, 121
McKenna and, 62–63
Schneider interrogation, 121–124
Smit and, 62
Weil interrogation, 115–117
cremation of murdered escapees, 15, 19, 25–27, 31, 40, 41, 83–84, 89, 96, 101, 103–104, 105, 109, 112, 115, 126, 130, 133, 136, 150, 153, 155, 169, 171–172, 173, 174, 178, 197, 199, 205–206, 209
Criminal Police.
See Kriminalpolizei (Kripo)
Cross, Ian (Squadron Leader),
viii,
186, 240
cyanide capsules for suicide, 54, 64, 232
Czech Army Intelligence, 76
Czech girl raped and murdered by Zacharias, 93–94
Czech murders ordered by Hitler, 147
Czechoslovakia, 17, 64–65, 72, 73, 85, 101, 102, 161, 162n, 227
Czechoslovakian murdered escapee, 243.
See also specific murdered escapee
Czech Security Police, 103, 222
Dachau concentration camp, 62–63, 115, 138, 195, 198
Dakota transports, 36, 39, 90, 103
Daniel, R. M. (Flight Sergeant), xiii, 176–179, 182–184, 219–220
Danzig (Gestapo and
Kripo
), xv, 39, 96, 97, 98, 162–170.
See also specific members
Denkmann, Artur (Kiel Gestapo driver), xv
Catanach, Christensen, Espelid, and Fuglesang murders, 23, 209–210, 212–213, 224
Denmark, 17, 204, 214
Dick tunnel, 4, 9
Diels, Rudolf, 57, 58
Dingermann, Gustav (Saabrücken
Kripo
), 149–150, 150–151
disguises of escapees, 7, 9, 70, 71, 101, 130, 148, 245
Dissner, Max (Strasbourg Gestapo), xvi, 197, 198, 199–200
Distinguished Flying Cross, 203
dreams of McKenna, 47–48
Dulag Luft transit camp, 2, 129, 144–146
Düsseldorf, Germany, 40, 42, 43, 44, 140
“duty pilots,” 5
“duty” to escape, 27, 28, 233
Eastern Cemetery, Munich, 126
Eden, Anthony (British Foreign Secretary), 31, 32, 35, 98, 126–127
Egypt, 108
Einsatzgruppen
B, 181–182
escapees (seventy-six), 11, 13, 25, 29, 30, 33.
See also
Great Escape, The
escape from Stalag Luft III, 9–11, 28, 33, 34, 49, 148.
See also
Great Escape, The
escape-proof design of Stalag Luft III, 1–2
escapes from prison camps plaguing Germany, 14–15, 16.
See also
Great Escape, The
Espelid, Hallada (Lieutenant),
viii,
240
background of, 204–205
escape from Stalag Luft III, 21
murder of, 19, 20, 22–26, 26–27, 162, 201, 208, 209, 210–211, 212–213, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231, 232–233
recapture of, 21, 202,
202
Evans, Brian (Flight Lieutenant),
viii,
172–173, 189, 240
excavated dirt, hiding, 2, 6
execution list by Nebe, 18, 181
execution of Stalag Luft escapees and Scharpwinkel, 17, 34, 36, 47, 176–179, 185–186, 187–188, 189, 222.
See also
murders of escapees (fifty) by Gestapo
exhaustion of McKenna, 132
exit order, 9–10
Fanshawe, Peter (Lieutenant Commander), 6
“ferrets,” 2, 5, 8–9
Fifty, The,
viii–ix,
15–16, 17, 18, 31, 41, 222, 239–243.
See also
Great Escape, The; Special Investigating Branch (SIB), RAF;
specific murdered escapees
final report on Sagan Case, 222
First World War (WWI), 27, 91, 206, 226
Flensburg, Germany, 19, 21, 22, 205, 208, 209, 215
Focke-Wulf 190 fighters, 205
“following orders,” 20, 23, 29, 67, 74, 88, 116, 124, 127, 133, 134, 137, 139, 140, 141–142, 153, 158–159, 169, 177, 179, 186, 195, 210, 224, 225–226, 228, 229, 230
forgery department, X-Organization, 6–7, 10, 11, 71, 130
4th Armored Division, Third Army, 119–121
14th Armored Division, Third Army, 121
France, 3
Frankfurt, Germany, 3, 40, 41, 87, 130, 144
Free French, 148
French breakout from Oflag XVII-A, 14
French murdered escapee, 31.
See also specific murdered escapee
French Occupation Zone, 38, 40, 75, 99, 100, 131, 151, 157, 158, 223
French Resistance, 33, 130, 148
French War Crimes and Political Prisoners Bureau in Paris, 99
Freshour (Lieutenant), 86, 87
Frontier Police.
See
Zlín, Frontier Police
Fuglesang, Nils (Lieutenant),
viii,
240
background of, 205
escape from Stalag Luft III, 21
murder of, 19, 20, 22–26, 26–27, 162, 201, 208, 209, 210–211, 212–213, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231, 232–233
recapture of, 21, 202,
202
Ganninger, Otto (Deputy Commandant of Natzweiler), xv, 135–136, 137, 138
Garmisch-Partenkirchen internment camp, 110
Gassner, Anton (Munich
Kripo
), xvi, 110–112
Gehrum, Julius (Strasbourg Gestapo), 195
Geith, Eduard (Munich Gestapo), xvi
Gouws and Stevens murders, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123–124, 124–127, 224
Sagan Case trial, 224, 229, 230
Geneva Convention, 30, 92
German Military Penal Code,
226
Germany.
See also
American Occupation Zone; British Occupation Zone; French Occupation Zone; Gestapo; Great Escape, The; Hitler, Adolf;
Kriminalpolizei (Kripo);
Nazi Party; Russian Occupation Zone
citizens murdering Allies, 143–144
concentration camps, xv, 14–15, 64, 65, 110, 131, 187
escapes from prison camps plaguing Germany, 14–15, 16
highway banditry, 179–180
interrogations of POWs, 144–145
Luftwaffe,
13, 30, 63, 73, 106, 129, 144, 149, 173, 174
microphones used by, 2, 4, 8, 145–146
National Socialism, 181
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
(Army High Command), 13
records, destroyed, 21, 64, 81, 117, 127, 141, 208
ruins of, 39, 40, 43, 45, 52, 54, 143, 179
Sicherheitsdienst
(SD), 53
solitary confinement for POWs, 144, 145, 146
Stufe Römisch III
order, 15
Volkssturm
(Home Guard), 174
Wehrmacht,
49, 56, 149, 150
winter of 1946-1947, 213–214
Gestapo, xiv–xvi.
See also
Breslau (Gestapo and
Kripo
); Brno/Zlín (Gestapo and
Kripo
)
;
Munich (Gestapo and
Kripo
);
specific members
Counter Espionage Branch, 115
cremation of murdered escapees, 15, 19, 25–27, 31, 40, 41, 83–84, 89, 96, 101, 103–104, 105, 109, 112, 115, 126, 130, 133, 136, 150, 153, 155, 169, 171–172, 173, 174, 178, 197, 199, 205–206, 209