Human Universe (34 page)

Kepler, Johannes 9, 12, 23, 38, 39, 84, 90–1, 98, 100, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 196

Kepler Conjecture, The 188–92

Khrushchev, Nikita 70, 114

Kipling, Rudyard 193, 194

Kochab 134

Königsberg Observatory 22

Konopinski, Emil 61

Kotov, Commander Oleg 158, 166

Kranz, Gene 231

Kuiper Belt 117

L

landscapes, nature and shaping of 79

Large Hadron Collider, CERN, Geneva 170, 177, 178, 180, 202

Late Heavy Bombardment 102, 103

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 234

Leavitt, Henrietta 24, 25, 27, 29, 33, 34

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 169, 170, 171, 204, 207

LEM (Lunar Excursion Module) 18

Lemaître, Georges 50, 53–4, 55, 56

leopard, spots of 193–6

Lilly, John C. 68, 69

Linde, Andre 202, 206

The Local Group 34

longitude 44, 45

Lorenz, Edward 225, 227

Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 61

Lovell, Jim 16, 17, 54, 132–3, 146, 147, 149

Low, George 18

LUCA (the Last Universal Common Ancestor) 104–5, 106, 107, 172

Lucy (
Australopithecus
afarensis
skeleton) 126, 130–1, 138

Luna 3 25

Lunar Lander 18

Lunar Module (LM) 145, 146–8, 229, 232

Lunar Rover 229

Luther King Jr, Martin 16

Lyra, constellation of 84, 91

M

Magellan, Ferdinand 132

Magellanic Clouds 27

Mahler, Gustave 242

Main Sequence 96, 97, 98, 99, 100

mammals, emergence of 105, 106, 107

Manchester 2, 25, 120, 160, 171

Manhattan Project 61, 70, 72, 113

Marconi, Guglielmo 63

Maria de Novara, Domenica 7

Mars: close encounters with Earth 224; likelihood of habitation on 63, 86, 93, 95, 100, 103; position of in solar system 3, 14, 15; travel to 16, 42, 59

Mayor, Michel 89

Mercury 3, 15, 67, 85, 86, 89, 95, 224, 227

Mesopotamia 153, 160, 161

Milankovitch theory 136

Milky Way Galaxy 2, 3, 4, 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 46, 49, 51, 59, 62, 69, 70, 72, 82, 83, 90, 91, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118

MIT 53, 132

Mitochondria 109–10, 111, 125, 142, 151

Moon: Apollo missions and
see
Apollo missions; Armstrong’s footprints on 131; atmosphere 95; dark side of the 25; distance to the 47; Earth’s rotational rate and 133–5; first views of the 37; formation of 102; Galileo’s sketches of 37; Galileo’s watercolours of 37–8; North Pole 95; orbit/gravity 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 37–8, 95, 99, 133, 143; physics of getting to 230–2

Moore, Patrick 58, 145

morphogenesis 142, 193, 195

Morrison, Philip 64, 68, 69, 72, 74, 113

Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 95–6

Mount Wilson Observatory, California 33

N

Nabataeans 152, 153, 154, 161

Nagasaki, nuclear attack on 61

Nakayara, Ukichiro 191

NASA 72, 94, 239; Apollo missions and
see
Apollo missions; Aquarius Reef Base 218; AS8-14-2383 19; Big Ear telescope and 73, 74; definition of properties a planet needs to have chance of supporting life 93; Exoplanet Archive 91; Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 219–20; Hubble Space Telescope 27; Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 95; Plum Brook Station, Ohio 42, 43, 45; Project Cyclops and 73; Sentry System 216; Space Shuttle missions 120

National Academy of Sciences 66

National Ignition Facility (NIF), California 234, 237

National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia 64, 66, 70, 72, 82, 87, 89, 101, 113, 116

‘National Radio Silence Day’ 63, 64

Natufians 152

Neanderthals 129, 139, 140, 142, 149, 210, 213–14

NEEMO 219–20

Neptune 3, 75, 76, 117

Neumann, John von 116–17

neutrino 46, 177, 181, 235

neutron stars 46–7, 84

neutrons 46, 175, 177, 179, 180, 197, 235, 237

Newman, William 117

Newton, Isaac 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 22, 23, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 164, 188, 221, 232; Constant 10, 224; Law of Gravity 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 23, 29, 40, 41, 42, 44–5, 46, 47, 158, 159, 160, 182, 221, 224

99942 Apophis (asteroid) 216, 227

North Star 134

nuclear fusion 197, 234–5, 236

nuclear reactors 61

O

Oakbank Avenue, Chadderton, Oldham, Greater Manchester, England 2, 16

Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France 89

Occam’s razor 60

Oliver, Barney 68, 69

Omo 1 and Omo 2 139

Order of the Dolphin, The 66

Orion 25, 97

‘Out of Africa’ model 139, 150, 151

oxygenic photosynthesis 106, 107, 108, 111–12, 113, 118

Ozma 64

P

parallax, stellar 20, 21, 22, 23

Paranthropus 129, 138, 139

patterns in nature, emergence of complex 25–8, 175, 185–96, 222, 223

Pauli Exclusion Principle 45, 46

Pauline Chapel, Rome 37–8

Pearman, Peter 66, 68

Petra 153–5, 161

Petrovich 157, 158, 165

phagocytosis 110

Pherkad 134

photon 65, 175, 177, 181

photosynthesis 69, 96, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111–12, 113, 118

Photosystem 2 108

physics, laws of 9, 35–6, 59, 83, 96, 97, 109, 117, 143, 168, 170, 205, 207, 222
see also under
individual law name
Pickering, Professor Edward Charles 25, 27

Pilbara region, Western Australia 102

Pius XII, Pope 54

Planck epoch 169

Planck length 203

Planck satellite 200

Planck temperature 173

Planck’s constant 46

Planetary Motion, Kepler’s laws of 188

Plato 197

Plum Brook Station, Ohio, NASA 42, 43, 45

Poincaré, Henri 25, 224

Polaris 132–4

primates, evolution of 105, 111, 125–31, 140, 151

Project Cyclops 73

prokaryotes 109–12

Proton Synchroton accelerator, CERN 69

protons 46, 65, 69, 78, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 191, 197, 234–5, 237

Proxima Centuari 84, 97, 221

PSR JO348+0432 45–7, 48

Ptolemy 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14

pulsars 78, 79, 81, 84, 87, 141

Pulse Climate Variability hypothesis 143

Pushkov, Alexi 215, 216

Q

quantum field theory 178–9, 198, 202, 204

quantum physics 45, 46, 169, 178–9, 198, 202, 203–4, 207

quarks 175, 177, 179, 181, 197, 242

Queloz, Didier 89

R

radial velocity 55, 87, 88

Raleigh, Sir Walter 190

reaction-diffusion systems 195

red dwarf stars 76, 84, 90, 96, 97, 99–100, 221

red giant stars 97, 98

relativity 9; General Theory of Relativity 9, 29–30, 39, 43–4, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 168– 9, 179, 182, 183, 202–3, 222; Special Theory of Relativity 9, 40–2

Robertson, Howard Percy 54

Roman Empire 153, 154

Rome 5, 37–8

Ross 248 221

Roswell, New Mexico 60

Royal Astronomical Society, London 25

Russell, Bertrand 12

Russell, Henry Norris 86, 96, 98, 100

Ryazansky, Sergey 158, 166

S

Sagan, Carl 58, 68, 69, 79, 117, 131, 207, 215

sand dunes, formation of 187

Saturn 3, 14, 15, 59, 75, 76, 100

scalar fields 179, 202, 203–4, 205, 206, 207

Schuster, Arthur 25

Schwarzschild, Karl 51

science: language and 170; predicting the future and 209–42; vs. magic 224–8; what is? 35–6

science fiction 58, 59, 81, 90, 116, 219, 237

sea level rise 114

SETI 66, 68, 72, 73, 74, 87, 91, 101, 116

Shakespeare, William 164, 232

Shapley, Harlow 28, 29, 31, 49, 53

Siberia 123, 156–7, 215

single celled organisms, emergence of 109, 192

Sirius 76, 99

Sitter, Willem de 52, 56, 202

Sixtus III, Pope 37

61 Cygni 20, 22

Small Magellanic Cloud 27

snowflake, symmetry of 188–92, 196

solstices 134, 226

Solvay Conference, Brussels, 1927 54

Soyuz TMA-10M spacecraft 22, 157, 158, 165, 166

Space Shuttle Columbia 120

spacetime: infiation of
see
Infiation, Theory of; shape of 48, 49, 51, 202

speed of light 46, 182, 202

sperm, odds of success of 172

Standard Model Lagrangian 178, 183

Standard Model of particle physics 138, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 188, 191, 197, 198, 202, 222

Star Trek
58, 237

Star Wars
58, 81

Starobinsky, Alexei 202

stellar aberration 27

stellar parallax 20, 21, 22, 23

Stratton, Alfred 185

strong nuclear force 175, 177, 179, 197, 235

Struve, Otto 68, 69, 83, 87, 89

Su-Shu Huang 68, 69

Sumerian system 160

summer solstice 226

Sun 14, 18, 28, 29, 95; brightness of 34, 99; death of 46, 224; diameter of 96, 132; Earth’s climate and 95, 96–7, 134, 136; Earth’s equinoxes, solstices and 8, 133, 134, 137, 226–8; Earth’s seasons and 134, 136, 226–8; from Earth to the 8; Jupiter causes to wobble 87; nuclear fusion and 234–5; position in solar system/orbit 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 20, 38–9, 40, 44, 45, 89, 133, 134, 135, 137, 143, 168; stellar parallax and 21, 23; temperature of 16; weak nuclear force and 175, 177

supergiants 96, 98

Svalbard Global Seed Vault 239, 240–1

Swigert, Jack 145, 149

symmetry in nature, study of 188–96, 198

Syria 152, 239

T

Tau Ceti 64, 66, 67

Teller, Edward 61

Tesla, Nikola 63

Thales of Miletus 159

367943Duende (asteroid) 215

Titan 79, 100

Titov, Gherman 122

Tobolsk, Siberia 156–7

Torino scale 216, 217, 227

transit method 90–1, 92

Triton 76

Turing machines 223

Turing pattern 193, 195–6

2MASS JO5233822–1403022 96

Twosret, Queen 162

U

UFOs 60–2

universe: creation/origin of 11, 55–60, 167–207; Earth’s place in
see
Earth; eternal 5, 6, 52, 207; infiation of 4, 55–6, 202–7; planets and
see under
individual planet name

University of Manchester 2, 25, 160

up quarks 175, 177, 178, 242

uranium series dating 210, 212

Uranus 3, 75, 76

Ursa Minor 132, 133, 134

V

Venus 3, 13, 14, 38–9, 67, 85, 86, 93–4, 95, 100, 224

Vostok 1
120, 121, 122, 123

Voyager space probes 75, 76, 79, 81, 221

W

W And Z bosons 177

Walter, Bruno 242

War of the Worlds
63

weak nuclear force 46, 175, 177, 197, 235

Weinberg, Stephen 198

white dwarfs 33, 46–7, 98

White, Ed 133

Wilberforce, Samuel 31

Wilson, Edmund O. 159

Wolszczan, Aleksander 84, 87

Wonders of the Solar System
160

Wow! Signal 74, 76

Wright Brothers 62, 117, 232

written word, development of 160–4

Y

Yerkes Observatory 33

York, Herbert 61

Young, John 120, 229, 232

Younger Dryas 152

Yukawa couplings 179, 182, 197

Z

Z-scheme 108

We first began to discuss the television series that became
Human
Universe
in the summer of 2012. It’s the fourth major television project we have worked on together and like all of the previous series it has required the talent and dedication of a brilliant team of people. We’d like to thank them all for the endless passion and commitment they have given to the series. We’d especially like to thank Gideon Bradshaw, the Series Producer, for his outstanding leadership. Gideon has worked on many of our television projects over the years including
Horizon
and the
Wonders
series and as always his creativity, vision and passion have been ever present during the production of
Human Universe
. The team also consisted of a world-class group of directors: Stephen Cooter, Nat Sharman, Annabel Gillings and Michael Lachman. The ability to take complex scientific ideas and transform them into beautiful films is a rare talent and we are lucky to have had such expertise on the project. We would also like to thank the hugely talented Paul O’Callaghan, Director of Photography, who has brought such a vibrant beauty to the cinematography across the series, Andy Paddon, ‘soundman’, for his endless hard work across all of the films, Rob McGregor for his coffee machine and for shooting so many beautiful scenes both above and below the water and Phillip Sheppard for his beautiful score. We’d also like to thank Davina Bristow, Mags Lightbody, Laura Flegg, Alice Jones, Jodie Adams, Karen McCallion and Eloisa Noble for all the ideas and dedication they have brought to the series.

Editing is such an important part of the television-making process and we are hugely grateful to Darren Jonusas for his craft in shaping the series along with the other superb editors Graeme Dawson, Louise Salkow and Gerard Evans. We’d also like to thank Rob Hi. e and the team at BDH for the design and visual effects they have brought to every film.

Every production also needs a brilliant team back in the office and
Human Universe
relied again and again on the leadership of Production Manager Alexandra Nicolson, Production Executive Laura Davey and the hard work and dedication of all the production team. Thank you to Louisa Reid, Viola Schwedhelm, Carly Wallis, Alexandra Osborne, and all of those who worked so tirelessly to support this complex production. We’d also like to thank Nik Sopwith and Kate Bartlett who helped shape and nurture the ideas that would form the foundation of the series during its early development.