IBM and the Holocaust (89 page)

II: THE IBM-HITLER INTERSECTION

1. Edwin Black,
   The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich
   & Jewish Palestine
   (New York: Macmillan, 1984; Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 1999), pp. 3-7, 26; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, August 18, 1937, IBM Files.
   
2. Peter N. Stearns and John H. Hinshaw, eds.,
   The ABC-CLIO World History Companion to
   the Industrial Revolution
   (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 1996), p. 223.
   
3. From V. Hollerith, "Biographical Sketch," interviews with Madeline and George Hollerith, January 19, 1972, and May 18, 1970, cited in Geoffrey D. Austrian,
   Herman Hollerith:
   Forgotten Giant of Information Processing
   (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), p. 350.
   
4. Emerson W. Pugh,
   Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology
   (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1995), pp. 2-3; Robert Sobel,
   IBM: Colossus in Transition
   (New York: Truman Talley Books, 1981), p. 14; Austrian, p. 4; Saul Engelbourg,
   International Business Machines: A Business History
   (Arno Press, 1976), pp. 2-3, and author's typescript.
   
5. Sobel, p. 14.
   
6. Sobel, p. 14.
   
7. Sobel, p. 14; see Austrian, p. 15.
   
8. Austrian, pp. 6, 22, 40-42; see Pugh, p. 11.
   
9. Sobel, pp. 13-14; Pugh, pp. 1-3; 17; Austrian, pp. 82-83, 124-141.
   
10. Pugh, pp. 12-13.
    
11. Austrian, pp. 58, 69.
    
12. Austrian, pp. 88, 170-171, 221; Sobel, pp. 17, 20; Pugh, pp. 16, 17; see Austrian, pp. 120-121.
    
13. Austrian, pp. 206-207.
    
14. Austrian, pp. 207-208, 236-237.
    
15. Austrian, pp. 80, 103, 122.
    
16. Austrian, p. 78.
    
17. Austrian, pp. 146-149;
    Encyclopaedia Judaica
    , s.v. "Russian brutal regime," pp. 444-450.
    
18. Austrian, p. 97.
    
19. Austrian, p. 225.
    
20. Austrian, p. 225.
    
21. Austrian, p. 225.
    
22. Austrian, pp. 234-237, 260-261, 277, 279.
    
23. Austrian, pp. 274-275.
    
24. Austrian, pp. 199-202, 273-274, 288-305.
    
25. Austrian, pp. 306-307.
    
26. Austrian, pp. 327-328; W. Heidinger, "Declaration to the IBM Advisory Panel," June 18, 1943, IBM Files.
    
27. Sobel, pp. 4-5, 11-12; see Charles R. Flint,
    Memories of an Active Life
    (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1923).
    
28. Sobel, pp. 4-5; Flint, 85-88, 180-184, 196-225, 247-249; see Thomas Graham Belden and Marva Robins Belden,
    The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson
    (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962), p. 90; also see Robert Wistrich,
    Who's Who in Nazi
    Germany
    (New York: Macmillan, 1982).
    
29. Sobel, p. 5.
    
30. Austrian, p. 308; see Sobel, p. 5.
    
31. Sobel, pp. 10-12; see Pugh, p. 24; also see Austrian, p. 312.
    
32. Sobel, pp. 10-12; see Pugh, pp. 24-26.
    
33. Pugh, p. 27; Sobel, pp. 10-12; Austrian, pp. 312-313.
    
34. Austrian, p. 323.
    
35. Austrian, pp. 323-324.
    
36. Belden and Belden, pp. 6-7.
    
37. Belden and Belden, p. 4.
    
38. Belden and Belden, p. 5.
    
39. Belden and Belden, pp. 6-11.
    
40. William Rodgers,
    Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM
    (New York: Stein and Day, 1969), p. 27.
    
41. Rodgers, pp. 16, 29-34.
    
42. Rodgers, pp. 31-33; Belden and Belden, p. 22.
    
43. Rodgers, pp. 33-35.
    
44. Rodgers, pp. 33-35; Belden and Belden, p. 27.
    
45. Rodgers, p. 40; see Thomas J. Watson, Jr., and Peter Petre,
    Father, Son & Co.: My Life at
    IBM and Beyond
    (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), p. 141.
    
46. Rodgers, pp. 40-41.
    
47. Rodgers, pp. 40-41.
    
48. Rodgers, pp. 41-43.
    
49. Rodgers, p. 42.
    
50. Rodgers, p. 42.
    
51. Rodgers, pp. 42-43.
    
52. Rodgers, pp. 48, 57.
    
53. Rodgers, pp. 48, 52.
    
54. Rodgers, pp. 53-55.
    
55. Rodgers, p. 60.
    
56. Rodgers, pp. 62-63; see Sobel, p. 42; also see Belden and Belden, pp. 76-80.
    
57. Rodgers, pp. 63-65; Belden and Belden, pp. 76-80; Sobel, p. 42.
    
58. Rodgers, pp. 63-64; Sobel, pp. 42-43; Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 141-142.
    
59. Rodgers, pp. 64-65; Belden and Belden, pp. 86-87.
    
60. Rodgers, pp. 64-65; Belden and Belden, pp. 86-87; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 13; Belden and Belden, p. 87.
    
61. Belden and Belden, pp. 90-91; also see Flint.
    
62. Belden and Belden, pp. 91-94; see Rodgers, pp. 68-71.
    
63. Belden and Belden, p. 93; see Rodgers, p. 69.
    
64. Belden and Belden, pp. 93-94; see Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 15.
    
65. Belden and Belden, pp. 93-94.
    
66. Pugh, pp. 29-30; Watson, Jr. and Petre, p. 74; Rodgers, pp. 48, 79; Engelbourg, p. 83.
    
67. Engelbourg, pp. 195-200; Rodgers, pp. 75, 76.
    
68. Pugh, p. 30; Austrian, pp. 333-335; Rodgers, pp. 79-80.
    
69. Rodgers, pp. 77, 79, 81; James Connally,
    History of Computing in Europe
    (IBM World Trade Corporation, circa 1967), p. 15; Carl H. Dassbach,
    Global Enterprises and the World
    Economy: Ford, General Motors and IBM, the Emergence of the Transnational Enterprise
    (New York: Garland Publishing, 1989), p. 166.
    
70. Rodgers, p. 76.
    
71. Rodgers, p. 76; Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 69, 82.
    
72. Rodgers, pp. 82-83.
    
73. Belden and Belden, p. 125.
    
74. Engelbourg, p. 183.
    
75. Engelbourg, p. 196.
    
76. Engelbourg, pp. 196, 199-202.
    
77. Rodgers, p. 91; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 30.
    
78. Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 69, 82.
    
79. Watson, Jr. and Petre, p. 82.
    
80. Engelbourg, p. 93; Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 29-30.
    
81. Engelbourg, p. 94.
    
82. Engelbourg, p. 189.
    
83. Belden and Belden, pp. 126-136; Pugh, p. 337.
    
84. Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 69, 82; "International Business Machines,"
    Fortune,
    January 1940, p. 37.
    
85. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, circa 1937, IBM Files.
    
86. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, circa 1937, IBM Files.
    
87. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, circa 1937, IBM Files.
    
88. W. Heidinger, "Declaration to the IBM Advisory Committee," June 18, 1943, p. 5, IBM Files.
    
89. W. Heidinger, "Declaration to the IBM Advisory Committee," June 18, 1943, pp. 5, 9, IBM Files.
    
90. W. Heidinger, "Declaration to the IBM Advisory Committee," June 18, 1943, p. 9, IBM Files.
    
91. "Watson Belge, S.A. Balance Sheet December 31, 1940," "Societa Internazionale Mac-chine Commerciali and Watson Italiana S/A Balance Sheet April 30, 1940," "A.B. Svenka Watson Sweden Balance Sheet December 31, 1942," NA RG131.
    
92. IBM Correspondence, January 17, 1934, IBM Files.
    
93. Black, p. 217.
    
94. Black, 217; Saul Friedlander,
    Nazi Germany and the Jews, Vol. 1: The Years of Persecution,
    1933-1939
    (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 17.
    
95. Black, pp. 71, 93.
    
96. Black, pp. 177-185, 217.
    
97. Black, pp. 41-42.
    
98. Black, pp. 104-105.
    
99. Black, pp. 104-105.
    
100. Black, p. 119; also see photo pp. 208-209.
     
101. See: Files of Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League, Columbia University Lehman Suite; phone number cards of Joint Boycott Council, New York Public Library Manuscript Division; Records of Jewish War Veterans, American Jewish Historical Society.
     
102. Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 33.
     
103. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to IBM, November 29, 1940, NA RG59 662 1111/28.
     
104. Dr. Friedrich Zahn, "Die Statistik im nationalsozialistischen Grossdeutschland,"
     Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv
     (
     ASA)
     29 (1939/40): 370.
     
105. Gotz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth,
     Die restlose Erfassung: Volkszahlen, Identifizieren, Aussondern
     im Nationalsozialismus
     (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1984), pp. 28-29.
     
106. Biehler, "Lochkartenmaschinen im Dienste der Reichsstatistik,"
     ASA
     28 (1938/39): 90-100.
     
107. Dr. Johannes Muller, "Die Stellung der Statistik im neuen Reich,"
     ASA
     24 (1934/35): 244.
     
108. Dr. Karl Keller, "Zur Frage der Rassenstatistik,"
     ASA
     24 (1934/35): 134, 136, 138.
     
109. Keller, p. 139.
     
110. Keller, pp. 140-142.
     
111. Dr. Friedrich Zahn, "Fortbildung der Deutschen Bevolkerungsstatistik,"
     ASA
     27 (1937/38): 181.
     
112. Zahn, "Die Statistik im nationalsozialistischen Grossdeutschland,"
     ASA
     29 (1939/40): 369.
     
113. Zahn, "Die Statistik im nationalsozialistischen Grossdeutschland,"
     ASA
     29 (1939/40): 370.
     
114. Aly and Roth, 29-35; see Raul Hilberg,
     The Destruction of the European Jews
     (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1961; Harper Colophon, 1979), pp. 31-32.
     
115. CSDIC, "Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57," April 25, 1945, pp. 4-17, NA RG226; "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," pp. 1-7,submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
     
116. CSDIC, "Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57," April 25, 1945, pp. 4-17, NA RG226; "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," pp. 1-7, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
     
117. Letter, W. Heidinger to O.E. Braitmayer, November 14, 1935, IBM Files.
     
118. Denkschrift zur Einweihung der neuen Arbeitsstatte der Deutschen Hollerith Maschinen
     Gesellschaft m.b.H. in Berlin-Lichterfelde,
     January 8, 1934, p. 23, USHMM Library.
     
119. Denkschrift zur Einweihung der neuen Arbeitsstatte der Deutschen Hollerith Maschinen
     Gesellschaft m.b.H. in Berlin-Lichterfelde,
     January 8, 1934, pp. 39-40, USHMM Library.
     
120. Denkschrift zur Einweihung der neuen Arbeitsstatte der Deutschen Hollerith Maschinen
     Gesellschaft m.b.H. in Berlin-Lichterfelde,
     January 8, 1934, pp. 39-40, USHMM Library.
     
121. Memorial Program, Opening of the Dehomag Plant in Lichterfelde, January 8, 1934, and IBM's translated version, IBM Files; Letter, Watson to Heidinger, February 26, 1934, IBM Files.
     
122. Belden and Belden, photo 144-145; see Rodgers, 48.
     

III: IDENTIFYING THE JEWS

1. Raul Hilberg,
   The Destruction of the European Jews
   (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1961; Harper Colophon, 1979), p. 54.
   
2. Edwin Black,
   The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich
   & Jewish Palestine
   (New York: Macmillan, 1984; Washington, D.C.: Dialog Press, 1999), pp. 166-167.
   
3. Black, pp. 166-167.
   
4. Black, pp. 166-167.
   
5. Black, pp. 166-167.
   
6. Black, pp.166-167.
   
7. Black, pp. 166-176.
   
8. F. Burgdorfer, "Die Volks-, Berufs- und Betriebszahlung 1933,"
   Allgemeines Statistisches
   Archiv (ASA)
   23 (1933/34): 146; also see Gotz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth,
   Die restlose
   Erfassung: Volkszahlen, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus
   (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1984), pp. 29-33.
   
9. Ludwig Hummer, "Die Aufbereitung der Volks- und Berufszahlung 1933 im Hollerith-Lochkartenverfahren,"
   Hollerith Nachrichten (HN)
   28 (August 1933): 343; Dr. Richard Couve, "Der Mensch im Lochkartenverfahren,"
   HN
   36 (April 1934): 445.
   
10. Letter, Dr. Karl Koch to Thomas J. Watson, May 26, 1933, IBM Files.
    
11. Letter, Dr. Karl Koch to Thomas J. Watson, May 26, 1933, IBM Files.
    
12. Letter, Dr. Karl Koch to Thomas J. Watson, May 26, 1933, IBM Files.
    
13. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Karl Koch, June 20, 1933, IBM Files.
    
14. Hummer, pp. 343-355; see Letter, W.D. Jones to Thomas J. Watson, January 10, 1934, IBM Files.
    
15. Hummer, p. 346.
    
16. Aly and Roth, p. 21.
    
17. Hummer, p. 346.
    
18. "Inventur eines Volkes,"
    Berliner Tageblatt
    13 (January 9, 1934); see Hummer, pp. 343-346, 347;
    Illustrierter Beobachter
    , January 6, 1934, p. 5.
    
19. Hummer, pp. 345-347.
    
20. Hummer, pp. 345-347.
    
21. Hummer, pp. 345-346, 447.
    
22. Aly and Roth, p. 145.
    
23. "Inventur eines Volkes,"
    Berliner Tageblatt
    13 (January 9, 1934).
    
24. Aly and Roth, p. 56.
    
25. "Inventur eines Volkes,"
    Berliner Tageblatt
    13 (January 9, 1934).
    
26. "Die Glaubensjuden im Dritten Reich,"
    Statistik des Deutschen Reichs
    415/5 (1936): 5 cited in Aly and Roth, p. 55.
    
27. Hummer, pp. 343, 348, 351-355.
    
28. "Die Glaubensjuden im Dritten Reich,"
    Statistik des Deutschen Reichs
    415/5 (1936): 5 cited in Aly and Roth, pp. 57-59.
    
29. "Die Glaubensjuden im Dritten Reich,"
    Statistik des Deutschen Reichs
    415/5 (1936): 5 cited in Aly and Roth, pp. 57, 59; exhibit photo of Census Poster, USHMM.
    
30. Dr. Friedrich Zahn, "Die Statistik im nationalsozialistischen Grossdeutschland,"
    ASA
    29 (1939/40): 370.
    
31. Cablegram, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, May 19, 1933, IBM Files; also see Memorandum, W. Heidinger to W.F. Battin, July 14, 1933, IBM Files; Letter, M.G. Connally to W.F. Battin September 6, 1934, p. 3, IBM Files; Letter, F.C. Elstob to J.F. Gormley, January 19, 1934, IBM Files; Confirmation of Cable, January 20, 1934, IBM Files, Letter, J.F. Gormley to H. Karst, January 22, 1934, IBM Files.
    
32. Memorandum, W. Heidinger to W.F. Battin, July 14, 1933, IBM Files.
    
33. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to J.C. Milner, November 19, 1935, IBM Files; see Letter, O.E. Braitmayer to J.E. Holt, March 7, 1936, IBM Files; Letter, W. Heidinger to R. Kugler, December 18, 1933, IBM Files.
    
34. "Sails for Paris Meeting,"
    NYT,
    October 5, 1933; Letter, W. Heidinger to Thomas J. Watson, January 2, 1934, IBM Files; also see "Sees Business Gain Generally,"
    NYT,
    October 25, 1934.
    
35. Letter, W. Heidinger to Thomas J. Watson, October 31, 1933, IBM Files.
    
36. Letter, W. Heidinger to Thomas J. Watson, January 2, 1934; Letter, W.D. Jones to Thomas J. Watson, January 10, 1934, IBM Files.
    
37. Letter, Dehomag to J.T. Wilson, November 16, 1935, IBM Files; also see, "Davis Named IBM Secretary,"
    NYT,
    February 22, 1940.
    
38. Cablegram, W. Heidinger to Thomas J. Watson, August 27, 1934, IBM Files; Radiogram, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, August 23, 1934, IBM Files; also see Letter and handwritten cover note on carbons, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, September 11, 1934, IBM Files.
    
39. Radiogram, K. Hummel and Managers to Thomas J. Watson, November 8, 1933, IBM Files.
    
40. William Rodgers,
    Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM
    (New York: Stein and Day, 1969)
    ,
    p. 57; "Cummings to Push Anti-Trust Suits,"
    NYT
    , March 31, 1934.
    
41. Letter, M.G. Connally to W. Heidinger, November 18, 1933, IBM Files.
    
42. Cablegram, W. Heidinger to Thomas J. Watson, August 27, 1934.
    
43. Radiogram, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, August 28, 1934, IBM Files.
    
44. Letter and handwritten cover note on carbons, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, September 11, 1934; Memorandum, W. Heidinger to H.B. Fellinger, June 18, 1943, p. 9, IBM Files.
    
45. Radiogram, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, August 28, 1934; Letter and handwritten cover note on carbons, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, September 11, 1934.
    
46. "German Socialists Reported Tortured,"
    NYT,
    March 18, 1933.
    
47. "German Fugitives Tell of Atrocities at Hands of Nazis,"
    NYT,
    March 20, 1933.
    
48. "Nazis to Put Bavarian Foes in Concentration Camp,"
    NYT,
    March 21, 1933.
    
49. "3 More Americans Attacked in Berlin As Raiding Goes On,"
    NYT,
    March 10, 1933; "German Socialists Reported Tortured,"
    NYT,
    March 18, 1933; "Terror in Germany Amazes Novelist,"
    NYT,
    March 21, 1933; "Nazis Hunt Arms in Einstein Home,"
    NYT,
    March 21, 1933; "German Jailings Spreading Terror,"
    NYT,
    March 27, 1933; "Hitlerites Order Boycott Against Jews in Business, Professions and Schools,"
    NYT
    , March 29, 1933; "Boycott Spreads in Reich but Hitler Bans Violent Acts,"
    NYT,
    March 30, 1933; "Nazis Cut Boycott Today with Threat of Renewal if World Does Not Recant," "Nazis Oust Jews From Law Courts,"
    NYT,
    April 1, 1933; "Boycott at End, Germany Believes," "Germans Fearful Under Nazi Regime,"
    NYT,
    April 3, 1933; "Nazis to Control Lutheran Church,"
    NYT,
    April 6, 1933; "Nazis Seize Power to Rule Business," "Nazis Demand Ban on Old Testament,"
    NYT,
    April 7, 1933; "Nazis Herd Enemies Behind Barbed Wire in Big Prison Camps," "Nazis Hold Foes in Prison Camp," "Reich Authors Oust Non-Nationalists," "Nazis Demand Divorce of Jewish Wives by Officials if They Are to Retain Jobs,"
    NYT,
    April 8, 1933; "Schwarz Ousted As Reich Counsel,"
    NYT,
    April 12, 1933; "10,000 Jews Flee Nazi Persecution,"
    NYT
    , April 15, 1933; "Nazi Book-Burning Fails to Stir Berlin,"
    NYT,
    May 11, 1993; "League Will Hear Jews on Oppression by Nazis; Drummond Forces Issue,"
    NYT,
    May 21, 1933.
    
50. "Reich Post Ministry Is Sifting Out Jews," "Nazi Jewish Policy Assailed in Senate As Peril to Peace,"
    NYT,
    June 11, 1933.
    
51. "Nazis Hold 80,000, Camp Study Shows,"
    NYT,
    August 29, 1933.
    
52. Black, p. 188.
    
53. Black, pp. 41-42.
    
54. Black, p. 42.
    
55. Black, p. 42.
    
56. Black, p. 45.
    
57. Letter, Dehomag Senior Management to Thomas J. Watson, March 31, 1933, IBM Files.
    
58. Dehomag Board of Directors Minutes, April 1, 1933, IBM Files.
    
59. Account Receipt, Deutsche Bank und Disconto-Gesellschaft, August 7, 1933, IBM Files.
    
60. William L. Shirer,
    The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany.
    (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), pp. 196-204; "Nazis Seize Power to Rule Business; Our Firms Alarmed,"
    NYT,
    April 7, 1933.
    
61. "Nazis Seize Power to Rule Business,"
    NYT,
    April 7, 1933.
    
62. "Germany Cautions Foreign Business,"
    NYT,
    April 28, 1933.
    
63. "Reich Issues Orders for New Labor Units
    ,
    "
    NYT,
    May 21, 1933.
    
64. See: Files of Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League, Joint Boycott Council, Jewish War Veterans, American Jewish Congress, and World Jewish Congress.
    
65. Rodgers, p. 107; Thomas Graham Belden and Marva Robins Belden,
    The Lengthening
    Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson
    (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962), p. 196.
    
66. Rodgers, p. 107; Belden and Belden, p. 196.
    
67. Thomas J. Watson, Jr., and Peter Petre,
    Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond
    (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), p. 43.
    
68. Belden and Belden, p. 197.
    
69. Draft Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, circa August 1937, IBM Files.
    
70. "G.W. Davidson, T.J. Watson Named to Succeed Wiggin and Woodin on Reserve Bank Board,"
    NYT,
    April 18, 1933; also see "Directors Elected by Reserve Bank,"
    NYT
    , May 4, 1933; "Columbia Trustees,"
    NYT,
    June 16, 1933; Rodgers, pp. 109, 122, 140.
    
71. Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 43-45.
    
72. Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 44.
    
73. Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 44-45.
    
74. Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 45.
    
75. Letter, W. Heidinger to Dehomag Management, October 27, 1933, IBM Files.
    
76. Letter, Dr. Otto Kiep to Thomas J. Watson, August 8, 1933; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Otto Kiep, June 15, 1933; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Otto Kiep, August 21, 1933, IBM Files.