In Defense of America (20 page)

9. Paul Collier,
The Bottom Billion
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
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10. Peter Mandelson, Alcuin Lecture, Cambridge University, February 8, 2008.
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11. The Coca-Cola Company, Annual Report 2006.
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12. Michael Werz and Barbara Fried, “Modernity, Resentment, and Anti-Americanism,” in
Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, Themes,
vol. 1 (Westport, CT: Greenwood World Publishing, 2007).
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13. Quoted in
Newsweek,
September 10, 2007.
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14. Ibid.
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15. Jeremy Tunstall,
The Media Were American: U.S. Mass Media in Decline
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
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16. Quoted in
Financial Times,
February 20, 2008.
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Chapter 5: The Pursuit of Democracy

1. John Quincy Adams, speech to the U.S. House of Representatives, July 4, 1821.
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2. Albert J. Beveridge, speech, “In Support of an American Empire,” 56th Cong., 1st sess.,
Congressional Record,
704–12.
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3. George McKenna,
The Puritan Origins of American Patriotism
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).
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4. Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands,”
McClure’s Magazine,
February 1899.
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5. Thomas Donnelly,
Empire of Liberty: The Historical Underpinnings of the Bush Doctrine
(Washington, DC: AEI, June 2005).
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6. George W. Bush, Overview of America’s National Security Strategy,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/sectionI.html
.
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7. Niall Ferguson,
Financial Times,
January 26–27, 2008.
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8. If there is space for one more, then the prize, in my view, should go to Francisco Goldman’s
The Art of Political Murder,
an investigation into the 1998 assassination of a Guatemalan bishop who had helped lay the blame mainly on the country’s military governments for the murders of an estimated 200,000 civilians. Francisco Goldman,
The Art of Political Murder
(London: Atlantic Books, 2008).
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Chapter 6: Arrogant But Not Lawless

1. Said in conversation with Bronwen Maddox, March 2008.
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2. Robin Givhan, the
Washington Post
’s inimitable style writer, April 15, 2005.
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3. John Bolton, in a speech to a 1994 Global Structures Convocation hosted by the World Federalist Association (now Citizens for Global Solutions).
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4. The forty-nine countries named by the White House as the “coalition of the willing” were Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Georgia, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Macedonia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Palau, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Tonga, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, and Uzbekistan. Of these, the following countries had an active or participant role, by providing either significant troops or political support: Australia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States.
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5. Interviews with U.S. officials, Bronwen Maddox, February 2007.
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6. Glenn Prickett, quoted by Thomas Friedman,
International Herald Tribune,
September 27, 2007.
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Chapter 7: The Iraq Invasion: Stupid But Not Malign

1. The case that Iraq failed most of the tests of a just war is made powerfully in
Just War
by Sir Michael Quinlan, the former permanent under-secretary (or most senior nonpolitical civil servant) of Britain’s Ministry of Defence, and General Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank, the former chief of the defense staff and commander of NATO’s Northern Army Group.
Just War
(London: Bloomsbury, 2007).
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2. That case —for an early handover of sovereignty —is made by Jonathan Steele, the distinguished
Guardian
correspondent, in
Defeat: Why America and Britain Lost Iraq
(Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2008).
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3. In his book
Bad Days in Basra
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2008).
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4. Barbara Bodine, quoted in
No End in Sight,
documentary, directed by Charles Ferguson of the Council on Foreign Relations, Red Envelope Entertainment, 2007.
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Chapter 8: The Indefensible: Guantánamo and Torture

1. February 13, 2008,
http://www.timesonline.co.uk.
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2. As of March 2008, according to the Department of Defense: Ibrahim Ahmed, Mahmoud Al Qosi, Ghassan Abdullah Al Sharbi, Mohammed Ahmed Binyam, Omar Ahmed Khadr, David Matthew Hicks, Abdul Zahir, Sufyian Barhoumi, Salim Ahmed Salim Hamdan, Jabran Said Wazar Al Qahtani, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Walid Bin Attash, Ramzi Binalshibh, Ali Abd al-Aziz Ali, Mustafa Ahmad al-Hawsawi, Mohammed al-Qahtani, Ahmad Al Darbi, Ali Hamza Al Bahlul, and Mohammed Jawad.
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3. Donald Rumsfeld, said to reporters when touring Guantánamo base, January 28, 2002; George W. Bush, separate from Rumsfeld, January 28, 2002.
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4. Colonel Morris Davis, quoted in the
Bradenton Herald,
February 28, 2006. “Remember if you dragged Dracula out into the sunlight he melted? Well, that’s kind of the way it is trying to drag a detainee into the courtroom.”
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5. Colonel Morris Davis, in interviews in February 2008, including remarks published in the
New York Times,
February 28, 2008.
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6. Decided June 29, 2006,
http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions
.
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7. Confirmed dead, reported dead, or reported missing, compiled by the Associated Press,
http://www.september11victims.com.
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8. CIA head Michael Hayden, February 5, 2008, accompanying National Intelligence Director Mike McConnell in his annual threat assessment to the Senate Intelligence Committee. “We used it against these three detainees [Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Abu Zubaydah, and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri] because of the circumstances at the time. There was the belief that additional catastrophic attacks against the homeland were inevitable. And we had limited knowledge about Al Qaeda and its workings. Those two realities have changed.”
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9.
Washington Post,
February 12, 2008.
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10. President Bush’s message to the House of Representatives, in vetoing the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008.
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11. Richard Armitage to Charlie Rose,
The Charlie Rose Show,
November 7, 2007, a sentiment he has also expressed widely in writing.
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12. Lord Goldsmith, attorney general, speaking at a conference on international terrorism at the Royal United Services Institute in London, May 10, 2006.
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13.
The Times
online (
http://www.timesonline.co.uk
), in response to Bronwen Maddox article on Guantánamo of February 13, 2008.
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14.
The Economist,
September 22, 2007.
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Chapter 9: Be Careful What You Wish For

1. Measured by purchasing power parity, a way of translating one currency into another while allowing for goods being much cheaper in one country —in this case, China —than in the other.
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2. January 10, 2008, Beijing.
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3. Ibid.
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4. Shaukat Aziz, interview with Bronwen Maddox for
The Times
.
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5. United Nations Development Program, 1999.
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6. President Putin, interview with Bronwen Maddox for
The Times,
June 2007.
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7. President Putin announced Russia’s intention to suspend participation in the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe treaty on July 14, 2007.
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8. Dinner address, January 14, 2007, Beijing, Global Development Network (an international group of think tanks).
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9. Pan Yue, a deputy minister at the government’s environmental watchdog, quoted by
The Economist
, March 15, 2008.
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10. John Ikenberry, “The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?”
Foreign Affairs,
January/February 2008.
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11. CIA World Factbook.
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12. Ibid.
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13.
Newsweek,
October 6, 2007.
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14. President Ahmadinejad’s blog:
http://www.ahmadinejad.ir
.
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15. Israeli army officer, in conversation with Bronwen Maddox, 2007.
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16. Seyed Mohammad Hossein Adeli, to Bronwen Maddox, November 2005.
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17. Michael Lind, “America Still Works,”
Prospect,
February 2008.
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Chapter 10: How America Could Help Itself

1. In response to a piece by Bronwen Maddox on the “arms race in space” on October 19, 2006.
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2.
The Economist,
June 20, 2007.
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3. Gary Samore and others, “Repairing the Damage: Possibilities and Limits of Transatlantic Consensus,” Adelphi Paper 389, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Routledge, UK, U.S., and Canada, August 2007.
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4. Tony Blair, interview with Robert Thomson and Bronwen Maddox,
The Times,
May 21, 2002.
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