In Search of the Trojan War (47 page)

Greek mythology, and Mycenaean civilisation 121

Greek War of Independence 64–5

Grote, George,
History of Greece
33–4, 99

Halicarnassos 182, 185, 226, 229

Hamilton, William 195

Hattusas 167, 170

Hattusilis III, Hittite king 206, 207, 212, 213, 218, 220, 222–3, 254, 255, 276, 277–8; and the Tawagalawas letter 208–11, 217, 304–6

Haussollier 106, 113

Hector 9, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28–9, 30, 36, 37, 44, 134, 281; shrine to 39

Hector of Kyme 269

Helen of Troy 17, 21, 22, 31, 164, 193; existence of 280; Homer’s story of 26–7, 29–30; and the Jewels of Helen 9, 20, 61, 71, 72; and Sparta 89–90

Hellenism 40, 48–9, 53; Schliemann and romantic philhellenism 64–6

Herakles (Hercules) 24, 179, 188, 282, 283

Herbert, A.P. 44

Herodotus 21, 32, 34, 36, 241

Heroic Age 30, 35, 147, 269–70; and Mycenae 77–9; and Orchomenos 84; and Tiryns 88

heroic kingship 176–7, 185

Hesiod 31, 232

Hisarlik (site of Troy) 9, 10, 17, 18–21; army 181;Athena temple 37, 39, 56, 67, 287; Blegen’s excavations 9–10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 122–7, 161, 188–9, 191, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263; Calvert’s trial excavations 56; Dörpfeld’s excavations 97–100, 121–2, 123, 126, 159, 162, 263, 292; and Frank Calvert 55, 56, 67–8, 69, 70, 73, 95; and the Hittites 212, 213–16; and Homer 157–62; Korfmann’s excavations 10, 11, 292–8; and Mycenae 188–91; Schliemann at 9, 10, 11, 19, 26, 57–8, 59, 66–74, 92–6, 122, 160, 190, 292; and the Sea Peoples 245–6;Troy 1-IX 19–21;Troy I 122;Troy II 70, 71, 94–6, 122, 160, 251; Troy VIIb 285–6, 298; wall of Lysimachus 67, 69,
see also
New Ilium (New Troy);Troy VI; Troy VIIa

Hitler, Adolf 21

Hittite tablets 146, 185, 276–7, 298–9

Hittites 10, 166, 193–223; and Aegean trade 228; army 180, 181, 238; diplomacy 198, 199– 208; discovery of the Hittites 194–9; and the
Egyptians 196–7, 199, 200–1, 206, 210, 212– 13, 236, 277; and the Greeks 198–9, 203–4, 205–8, 210–11, 272; Hattusas 167, 170; and Homer 157; language 193, 194, 198; and Miletus 188; and Mycenae 167, 168, 175–6, 204, 205–8, 205–13, 302–3; place names 204, 221; and the Sea Peoples 241–2; and the Tawagalawas letter 208–11; and the Trojan War 218–23, 254, 298–9, 302–3, 302–7; and Troy VI 264; and Wilusa 157, 198, 206, 211, 214–18, 220, 221, 223, 254, 276, 277–9, 299–302, 305–7; and Wilusa (Wilusiya) 157, 198, 214–18, 220, 221, 223,
see also
Ahhiyawa; Boghaz Köy; Hattusilis III, Hittite king

Hollywood films 21–2

Homer 135–62; and the Albert Memorial 43; and Alexander the Great 37; and Christian scholars 39–40; and the dating of the Trojan War 245, 254–5; and Dörpfeld’s excavations at Troy–Hisarlik 97, 98, 99; in English culture 43–6; and epic poetry 135–6, 141–7; and Golden-Age myth 269; and heroic kingship 176, 177; and the Hittite texts 213–14, 215, 219, 220, 221, 222, 278–9; and the Homeridae (‘sons of Homer’) 142, 143–4; and Knossos 102, 114– 15, 116; language of 145–6; and Linear B tablets 132–4; and the location of Troy 51–2; and Mycenae 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 139, 144–7, 148, 149, 150–1, 154, 155, 163, 165–6, 167–8, 192, 201; and New Ilium 287; and Orchomenos 84; and Pylos 127, 233; and Schliemann’s excavations at Troy–Hisarlik 72, 73, 74, 93–4; and scientific archaeology 139–40; and the story of Troy 10, 21, 23–31; and Tiryns 85, 86, 87–8, 139–40, 147, 151, 154, 155; on the topography of Troy 157–62; and the Trojan War as fact 11, 32, 34, 35, 157,
see also Iliad
(Homer);
Odyssey
(Homer)

Horace,
Odes
38

horse breeding in Troy 25, 159, 190, 259

human sacrifice 280–1

Humann, Karl 197

Hurrian civilisation 177

Hyrie (Dramesi) 151

Iasos 185, 188, 227, 228, 256, 272

Ida, Mount 23–4, 26, 53, 101, 158, 300

Idomeneus, King 107, 113

Iliad
(Homer) 9, 23, 27, 28, 37, 43–5, 48, 52, 82, 84, 98, 135, 136; and Agamemnon 163; and Apollo 299–300; and Besik Tepe/Besika Bay 293–4, 295–6; catalogue of ships 132–3, 134, 147–56, 232, 284; and the Hittite texts 222; period of composition 141–4, 284; and ‘sackers of cities’ 183–4, 274; and Smintheus 257; and the use of chariots 146; Venetus A edition 137– 8;Wolf’s preface 139; on women ‘captives’ 182,
see also
Homer

Ilion 25, 36, 37, 158, 262

Iliou Persis
253

Ilium Novum
see
New Ilium (New Troy)

Imbros (island) 17, 23, 44, 48, 158

Iolkos 164, 207–8

Iphigenia (Iphianassa) 280–1

Jason 207–8

Jerrer,
Universal History
59–60

Jesus 21

Jewels of Helen 9, 20, 61, 71, 72

Johnson, Samuel 43

Josephus 31, 35, 135, 136, 138, 140, 143

Julian, Roman emperor 38–9, 40, 288

Julius Caesar 37–8, 288

Justinian, Roman emperor 288

Kadesh, battle of 196, 197, 216, 236, 238, 277, 299, 305

Kallifatli 290–1

Kalokairinos, Minos, excavations at Knossos 90–2, 105–7, 109, 111, 113, 116, 128, 131

Kanesh 225

Kars, Bronze Age shipwreck 226

Keos 227

Khaldun, Ibn 230, 265, 266–7, 268, 273, 274

Kingslake, Alexander 48, 158, 256, 257, 290

Knossos 100, 101, 104–15, 273; and Aegean trade 226, 227, 228; Evans’s excavations 108–15, 116, 172; hegeomony over the Aegean 34; and Homer 27, 145, 153–4; and human sacrifice 280–1; Kalokairinos’s excavations 90–2, 105–7, 109, 111, 113, 116, 128, 131; legend of the Minotaur and the labyrinth 103, 104; Minoan civilisation at
102–3, 104, 114, 116, 117, 119; Palace of Minos 106, 107, 110, 111; and Pylos 127, 128, 129, 130; Schliemann’s visit to 90–2; travellers’ descriptions of 104

Knossos tablets 92, 105–6, 109, 115, 116, 119, 120, 131, 153–4, 203, 211, 225, 226; and civilisation decline 268

Korfmann, Manfred 10, 11, 292, 293

Kos 190, 227, 228, 256

Koukounara village 184

Kourouniotis, Greek archaeologist 128

Krisa 150–1, 230, 234, 273

Kypria
23

Ladon, river 152–3

Lakonia (Sparta) 90, 154, 164, 171–2, 174, 231, 232, 282, 284

Lang, Andrew,
Iliad
43

Laomedon 24, 183, 188, 190, 281–2

Leaf, Walter 115, 120, 126;
Homer and History
99, 100

Leake, William 84, 86;
Travels in the Morea
76, 77

Lebanon 224, 228

Lechevalier, Jean Baptiste 52, 77, 158, 249, 279, 286

Lemnos 182, 229

Lerna, ‘House of Tiles’ 178

Lesbos 182, 192, 205, 217, 219, 222, 289, 306; Thermi 257, 264, 279

Libyan, and the Sea People 237–8

Linear B tablets: and Apollo 300; and chariots 146; and Chios 257; and craftsmen at Troy 263, 264; decipherment of 131–4; and Evans’ theories 119, 120; and the Hittites 211; and Homer 140–1, 144, 146, 147, 153–4; lists on 149; and Mycenae 179; and names of Trojan heroes 281; and slaves from Asia Minor 182, 192, 307;Tiryns 164, 165; and trade routes 225; and warfare 273,
see also
Knossos tablets; Pylos tablets

literacy
see
writing

Lithgow, William 51

Lokrian maidens 31, 158, 162, 284, 287, 297

London 20, 42, 167; Albert Memorial 43

Lord, Albert 140

Lubbock, John 108, 118;
The Origin of Civilization
63;
Prehistoric Times
63

Lucan:
The Dream
135;
Pharsalia
37–8

Lukka (sea raiders) 236, 237

Lysimachus, General 56, 287

McHale, John 46

Mackenzie, Compton 44

Maclaren, Charles 15, 55, 67, 301

Macrobius,
Saturnalia
40

Marmara, Sea of 285, 306

Masefield, John 44

Mayan civilisation, decline of 267, 268

Medinet Habu, Great Temple of Ramses III 238–9, 240

Mehmet II, Sultan of Turkey 49–50, 64

Mehmet the Turk 21

Melos 227, 228

Menderes
see
Scamander river (Menderes)

Menelaion 164, 230, 234, 272, 284

Menelaos 17, 26, 27, 29, 30, 89, 164, 284

Merenptah, Egyptian Pharaoh 235, 237

Mesopotamian cuneiform writing 149

Messenia 231, 241, 242, 282

Meyer, Eduard 193

Miletus 160, 185, 186–8, 256, 272; and Aegean trade 227, 228, 229; and the Hittites 199, 204, 205–6, 207, 211, 276, 277, 278, 302; slave women from 182; and the Tawagalawas letter 208

Miller, Henry 165

mining, and Mycenae 172–3

Minoan civilisation 102–3, 104, 114, 116, 117, 119, 266; and Aegean trade 227–8

Minos, King 102–3, 104, 114, 227

Mira 185, 198, 204, 211, 215, 220

Mithridatic Wars 288

Morris, William,
Odyssey
43

Morrit of Rokeby, John 75, 84

Mourceaux, Des 86

Msat Hüyük 242

Müller, Max 63, 69, 82, 90, 108

Mursilis II, Hittite king 180, 200–1, 205, 297

Muwatallis, Hittite king 215, 216, 276, 277, 278, 303, 304, 305–6

Mycenae 46, 55, 164–81; and Aegean trade 227–8;Agamemnon’s tomb 75, 78, 79, 169; Atreid dynasty 168, 170, 178, 207, 211, 212; Dark Age 284; destruction of 230, 231; and Egypt 201–4; fortifications 232, 273; and the Hittites 167, 168, 175–6, 204, 205– 8, 205–13, 302–3; and Homer 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 139, 144–7, 148, 149, 150–1, 154, 155, 163, 165–6, 167–8, 192, 201; ‘imperial’ characteristics of 32,
33, 166–73, 179; and Knossos 90, 92, 105, 106, 108–9, 109, 112– 13, 114–15, 116–17, 130, 172, 173, 174; and Linear B tablets 134; Lion gate 75, 76, 78, 79, 83, 87, 169; and mining 172–3; and the Perseid dynasty 178; pottery 98, 165, 185, 188, 189–90, 227, 228, 243; and Pylos 127, 128, 129, 130; rebuilding of 234; relations with other states 173–6, 272–3; religious cults 297–8; rise of 177–81; Schliemann and the Mycenae treasures 61, 62, 108; Schliemann’s excavations at 65, 74–83, 231; shaft graves 79–83, 108–9, 114, 145, 166, 170, 178, 179; and Tiryns 85, 86, 87–8, 164, 168, 173, 178, 179, 272;Treasury of Atreus 75, 76, 78, 79, 83, 84, 114, 117, 168–9, 171; and the Trojan War 191–2; and Troy 188–91, 249–51, 253, 255; and Troy-Hisarlik 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, 125,
see also
Agamemnon, King of Mycenae; Ahhiyawa Mycenaean

civilisation 20, 35–6; in Asia Minor 184–91; in Greece 120–1, 155–6, 160–1, 162; and the Philistines 240; rise and fall of 230–5, 266, 267, 268, 275–6, 282–3; and the Sea Peoples 237, 238, 245–6; society and kingship 271–6; and trade 224, 225

Mysia 27, 219

Naxos 228

Nazi Germany 21

Nestor, King of Pylos 27, 30, 89, 125, 146, 154, 183, 233, 284; palace of 127–30

New Ilium (New Troy) 16–17, 19, 46, 51, 54, 55, 261, 285–91; and Schliemann 57, 66–7, 69, 73,
see also
Hisarlik (site of Troy)

Newton, Charles 55–6, 68, 72, 73, 77–8, 83, 271

Nilsson, Martin,
Homer and Mycenae
162

Odysseus (Ulysses) 27, 29, 30, 155, 183

Odyssey
(Homer) 23, 101, 126, 135, 141–2, 158, 165, 219; and the Sea Peoples 242–3

Offa (Mercian overlord) 280

Olympia, excavations at 65, 84, 87, 94

oral epic poetry, and Homer 136, 141–4

Orchomenos 93, 99, 120, 127, 284; destruction of 230; and Homer 147, 155; and Mycenae 164, 165, 174, 175, 176, 272; Schliemann’s excavations at 83–5

Ottoman Empire, conquest of Greece 64–5

Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 108, 112

Page, Denys 148, 248

Parian marble, and the dating of the Trojan War 34–5

Paris (Alexander of Ilios) 24, 25, 26, 26–7, 29, 281; and the Hittites 193, 199, 215, 216–17, 223, 254, 276, 277, 279, 306

Parry, Milman 140, 143

Pashley, Richard 104

Pausanias (Greek traveller) 75, 78, 79, 80, 84, 152, 153, 172, 253

Perseus 170

Petrarch 137

Philistines 235–6, 237, 239–40

Philoktetes 30

Phykakopi 227, 228

Pijamaradus 208, 217, 222, 257, 277, 303, 304, 305

Pisitratus 139

Pliato, Italian scholar 137

Pococke, Richard 104

Polybius 152, 224, 226

Poseidon (god) 17, 24, 37, 48, 126, 281–2

pottery: ‘Granary Class’ 244; Grey Minyan 85, 93, 95, 190, 191, 286, 287; Knobbled Ware 286; Mycenaean 98, 165, 185, 188, 189–90, 227, 228, 243; and Pylos 130–1; and Troy VI 252, 263, 296; and Troy VIIb 285–6

Priam, King of Troy 9, 24–5, 29, 30, 281; and the Hittites 212; palace of 25, 72; Schliemann and the ‘Treasure of Priam’ 61, 70–2, 74

Price, Anthony,
The Labyrinth Makers
72

Prosmymna 120, 178, 216, 250

Psellus, Michael 49

Pudukhepa, Hittite queen 212

Pylos 27, 30, 46, 89, 125, 284; army 181, 238; Blegen at 121, 127–30; destruction of 230, 233–4, 242, 281, 282; and Homer 144, 154; and Mycenae 164, 174, 175, 176, 272; rebuilding of 272

Pylos tablets 129–30, 134, 148, 149, 153, 154, 181, 182, 211, 225, 233–4, 254, 279; and civilisation decline 268; and slaves 274–5

Ramses II, Egyptian Pharaoh 196, 197, 209– 10, 212, 213, 236, 277

Ramses III, Egyptian Pharaoh 235–6, 238, 240, 242

Reinach,
The Oriental Mirage
109

religious cults in Troy 297–8

Renault, Mary,
The King Must Die
103

Rhodes 190, 227, 228, 236, 256

Roman Empire 19, 37–9, 42, 48, 173, 265, 268, 288–9,
see also
New Ilium (New Troy)

Romanticism, and Schliemann 64–6

Sack of Ilios
23

Saewulf, Anglo-Saxon pilgrim 46–7, 256

Samos 227

Samothrace (island) 23, 48, 65, 69, 158

Sanderson, John 50

Sandys, George 51

Sarafend 224

Sayce, A.H. 63, 99–100, 196–7

Scamander river (Menderes) 23–4, 51, 52, 66, 160, 286, 294, 295, 300–1, 306

Schliemann, Heinrich 8, 11, 18, 21, 22, 56, 57– 100, 164, 271, 290; appearance 57; and archaeology 62–4, 65, 74, 87, 196; at Ciplak 16; and Besika Bay 295; biographical details 58–62; character 62; death 96; and the destruction of Troy VI 247, 249, 250, 255; and Dörpfeld’s finds at Hisarlik 100; and Evans 107, 108–9, 118; excavations at Troy–Hisarlik 9, 10, 11, 19, 26, 59, 66–74, 90, 92–6, 122, 160, 190, 247, 261, 263, 292, 307; excavations at Mycenae 65, 74–83, 231; and Frank Calvert 54–5, 61, 67–8, 69, 70, 73, 95; and Grey Minyan pottery 191; and the Hisarlik spring 158–9; and Homer 139; ‘House’ at Tevfikiye 16;
Ilios
58, 63, 93; and the Jewels of Helen 9, 20, 61, 71, 72; and Knossos 90–2, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114;
Mycenae
58, 81, 82, 271; and Mycenae 65, 74–83, 166, 170, 180; and New Ilium 288; Orchomenos excavation 83–5; and Romanticism 64–6;
Tiryns
58; and Tiryns 85–8, 95, 106, 165, 231; and the ‘Treasure of Priam’ 61, 70–2, 74