Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 (122 page)

BOOK: Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
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33.
Ibid.; Hinrichs, ‘Die preussische Staatsverwaltung in den Anfängen Friedrich Wilhelms I.’, in id.,
Preussen als historisches Problem
, pp. 138–60, here p. 149; Hinrichs,
Friedrich Wilhelm I
, pp. 609–21 (on Frederick William’s collegial restructuring of the General War Commissariat); Dorwart,
Administrative Reforms
, pp. 138–44.

34.
Gotthelf, ‘Frederick William I’, pp. 58–9.

35.
Reinhold August Dorwart,
The Prussian Welfare State before 1740
(Cambridge, Mass., 1971), p. 16; cf. Gerhard Oestreich,
Friedrich Wilhelm I. Preussischer Absolutismus, Merkantilismus, Militarismus
(Göttingen, 1977), pp. 65–70, which stresses the unsystematic character of economic policy under Frederick William I.

36.
Kossert,
Masuren
, pp. 88–91.

37.
Peter Baumgart, ‘Der Adel Brandenburg-Preussens im Urteil der Hohenzollern des 18. Jahrhunderts’, in Rudolf Endres (ed.),
Adel in der Frühneuzeit. Ein regionaler Vergleich
(Cologne and Vienna, 1991), pp. 141–61, here pp. 150–51.

38.
Oestreich,
Friedrich Wilhelm I
, pp. 62, 65.

39.
Gustav Schmoller, ‘Das Brandenburg-preussische Innungswesen von 1604–1806, hauptsächlich die Reform unter Friedrich Wilhelm I.’,
FBPG
, 1/2 (1888), pp. 1–59.

40.
On the prohibition of Polish grain, issued in 1722, see Wilhelm Naudé and Gustav Schmoller (eds.),
Die Getreidehandelspolitik und Kriegsmazinverwaltung Brandenburg-Preussens bis 1740
(Berlin, 1901), pp. 208–9 (introduction by Naudé), and doc. no. 27, p. 373; Lars Atorf,
Der König und das Korn. Die Getreidehandelspolitik als Fundament des Brandenburg-preussischen Aufstiegs zur europäischen Grossmacht
(Berlin, 1999), p. 106.

41.
Atorf,
Der König und das Korn
, pp. 113–14.

42.
Naudé and Schmoller (eds.),
Getreidehandelspolitik
, p. 292; Atorf,
Der König und das Korn
, pp. 120–33.

43.
Cited in F. Schevill,
The Great Elector
(Chicago, 1947), p. 242.

44.
See Hugo Rachel, ‘Der Merkantilismus in Brandenburg-Preussen’,
FBPG
, 40 (1927), pp. 221–66, here pp. 236–7, 243; Otto Hintze, ‘Die Hohenzollern und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung ihres Staates’,
Hohenzollern-Jahrbuch
, 20 (1916), pp. 190–202, here p. 197; Oestreich,
Friedrich Wilhelm I
, p. 67.

45.
Cited in Baumgart, ‘Der Adel Brandenburg-Preussens’, p. 147.

46.
Haussherr,
Verwaltungseinheit
, p. 11.

47.
Frederick William I, Instruction for His Successor (1722), in Dietrich (ed.),
Die politischen Testamente
, pp. 221–43, here p. 229.

48.
William Breton to Earl of Strafford, 28 February 1713, PRO, SP 90/6.

49.
Hinrichs,
Friedrich Wilhelm I
, p. 364.

50.
Oestreich,
Friedrich Wilhelm I
, p. 30.

51.
Otto Büsch,
Militärsystem und Sozialleben im alten Preussen
(Berlin, 1962), p. 15.

52.
William Breton to Earl of Strafford, 18 May 1713, PRO, SP 90/6, fo. 105.

53.
Hartmut Harnisch, ‘Preussisches Kantonsystem und ländliche Gesellschaft’, in Kroener and Pröve (eds.),
Krieg und Frieden
, pp. 137–65, here p. 148.

54.
Max Lehmann, ‘Werbung, Wehrpflicht und Beurlaubing im Heere Friedrich Wilhelms I.’,
Historische Zeitschrift
, 67 (1891), pp. 254–89;Büsch,
Militärsystem
, p. 13.

55.
Carsten,
Origins of the Junkers
, p. 34.

56.
Gordon Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945
(London and New York, 1964), p. 11.

57.
On the motives for recruitment among noblemen, see Hahn, ‘Aristokratisierung und Professionalisierung’; on military service as a noble status symbol, see Göse,
Ritterschaft
, p. 232; citation in Harnisch, ‘Preussisches Kantonsystem’, p. 147.

58.
Büsch,
Militärsystem
, makes this general claim, although the evidence presented in this valuable study suggests a more nuanced conclusion.

59.
Harnisch, ‘Preussisches Kantonsystem’, p. 155.

60.
Hagen,
Ordinary Prussians
, pp. 468–9.

61.
Büsch,
Militärsystem
, pp. 33–4.

62.
Harnisch, ‘Preussisches Kantonsystem’, pp. 157, 162;Büsch,
Militärsystem
, p. 55.

63.
Frederick the Great,
History of My Own Times
(excerpt), in Jay Luvaas (ed. and trans.),
Frederick the Great on the Art of War
(New York, 1966), p. 75. The same arguments are set out in more detail in the Political Testament of 1768, see Dietrich,
Die politischen Testamente
, p. 517.

64.
Philippson,
Der Grosse Kurfürst
, vol. 1, p. 20; Political Testament of the Great Elector (1667), in Dietrich,
Die politischen Testamente
, pp. 179–204, here p. 203; McKay,
Great Elector
, pp. 14–15.

65.
The remark was addressed to the French envoy Rébenac; cited in McKay,
Great Elector
, p. 238.

66.
Ibid., pp. 239–40.

67.
Carl Hinrichs, ‘Der Konflikt zwischen Friedrich Wilhelm I. und Kronprinz Friedrich’, in id.,
Preussen als historisches Problem
, pp. 185–202, here, p. 189.

68.
Cited in Reinhold Koser,
Friedrich der Grosse als Kronprinz
(Stuttgart, 1886), p. 26.

69.
Hinrichs, ‘Der Konflikt’, p. 191; Carl Hinrichs,
Preussentum und Pietismus. Der Pietismus in Brandenburg-Preussen als religiös-soziale Reformbewegung
(Göttingen, 1971), p. 60.

70.
Hinrichs, ‘Der Konflikt’, p. 193.

71.
On the growing alienation between father and son, see Johannes Kunisch,
Friedrich der Grosse. Der König und seine Zeit
(Munich, 2004), pp. 18–28.

72.
Karl Ludwig Pöllnitz,
Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire des quatre derniers souverains de la Maison de Brandebourg Royale de Prusse
(2 vols., Berlin, 1791), vol. 2, p. 209. These memoirs are unreliable on many points, but this observation is corroborated by other accounts and accords with what we know of the prince at this time.

73.
Kunisch,
Friedrich der Grosse
, pp. 34–5.

74.
Theodor Schieder,
Frederick the Great
, trans. Sabina Berkeley and H. M. Scott (Harlow, 2000), p. 25.

75.
Ibid., p. 25.

76.
Cited in Theodor Fontane,
Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg
, ed. Edgar Gross (2nd edn, 6 vols., Munich, 1963), vol. 2,
Das Oderland
, p. 281; on the Katte story in general, see pp. 267–305.

77.
Cited in ibid., pp. 286–7.

78.
Kunisch,
Friedrich der Grosse
, pp. 43–4.

79.
Schieder,
Frederick the Great
, p. 29; Kunisch,
Friedrich der Grosse
, p. 46.

80.
Peter Baumgart, ‘Friedrich Wilhelm I (1713–1740)’, in Kroll (ed.),
Preussens Herrscher
, pp. 134–59, here p. 158.

81.
Hintze,
Die Hohenzollern
, p. 280.

82.
Edgar Melton, ‘The Prussian Junkers, 1600–1786’, in H. M. Scott (ed.),
The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
(2 vols., Harlow, 1995), vol. 2,
Northern Central and Eastern Europe
, pp. 71–109, here p. 92.

83.
Rainer Prass, ‘Die Brieftasche des Pfarrers. Wege der übermittlung von Informationen in ländliche Kirchengemeinden des Fürstentums Minden’, in Ralf Pröve and Norbert Winnige (eds.),
Wissen ist Macht. Herrschaft und Kommunikation in Brandenburg-Preussen 1600–1850
(Berlin, 2001), pp. 69–82, here pp. 78–9.

84.
Wolfgang Neugebauer,
Absolutistischer Staat und Schulwirklichkeit in Brandenburg-Preussen
(Berlin, 1985), pp. 172–3.

85.
Rodney Mische Gothelf, ‘Absolutism in Action. Frederick William I and the Government of East Prussia, 1709–1730’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of St Andrews, St Andrews (1998), p. 180.

86.
Ibid., pp. 239–42.

87.
Ibid., pp. 234–5.

88.
Wolfgang Neugebauer,
Politischer Wandel im Osten. Ost-und Westpreussen von den alten Ständen zum Konstitutionalismus
(Stuttgart, 1992), pp. 65–86.

89.
Carsten,
Origins of the Junkers
, p. 41.

90.
Peter Baumgart, ‘Zur Geschichte der kurmärkischen Stände im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert’, in Büsch and Neugebauer (eds.),
Moderne Preussische Geschichte
, vol. 2, pp. 509–40, here p. 529; Melton, ‘The Prussian Junkers’, pp. 100–101.

91.
Fritz Terveen, ‘Stellung und Bedeutung des preussischen Etatministeriums zur Zeit Friedrich Wilhelms I. 1713–1740’, in
Jahrbuch der Albertus-Universitätzu Königsberg/Preussen
, 6 (1955), pp. 159–79.

5 Protestants
 

1.
Andreas Engel,
Annales Marchiae Brandenburgicae, das ist Ordentliche Verzeichniss vnd beschreibung der fürnemsten… Märckischen… Historien… vom 416 Jahr vor Christi Geburt, bis… 1596
, etc. (Frankfurt, 1598).

2.
Bodo Nischan,
Prince, People and Confession. The Second Reformation in Brandenburg
(Philadelphia, 1994), pp. 111–43. This account of the Elector’s confessional policy is deeply indebted to Nischan’s study.

3.
Ibid., pp. 186–8. Other useful accounts of the ‘Berlin tumult’ include: Eberhard Faden, ‘Der Berliner Tumult von 1615’, in Martin Henning und Heinz Gebhardt (eds.),
Jahrbuch für brandenburgische Landesgeschichte
, 5 (1954), pp. 27–45; Oskar Schwebel,
Geschichte der Stadt Berlin
(Berlin, 1888), pp. 500–513.

4.
Cited in Nischan,
Second Reformation
, p. 209.

5.
On the importance of emotion as a factor in its own right in power conflicts of this kind, see Ulinka Rublack, ‘State-formation, gender and the experience of governance in early modern Württemberg’, in id. (ed.),
Gender in Early Modern German History
(Oxford, 2003), pp. 200–217, here p. 214.

6.
Bodo Nischan, ‘Reformation or Deformation? Lutheran and Reformed Views of Martin Luther in Brandenburg’s “Second Reformation” ’, in id.,
Lutherans and Calvinists in the Age of Confessionalism
(Variorum repr., Aldershot, 1999), pp. 203–15, here p. 211. Pistoris citation from id.,
Second Reformation
, p. 84.

7.
Ibid., p. 217.

8.
Droysen,
Geschichte der preussischen Politik
, vol. 3/1,
Der Staat des Grossen Kurfürsten
, p. 31.

9.
Schultze,
Die Mark Brandenburg
, vol. 4, p. 192.

10.
Frederick William to supreme councillors of Ducal Prussia (draft in the hand of Chancellor von Götze), Königsberg, 26 April 1642, in Erdmannsdörffer (ed.),
Politische Verhandlungen
, vol. 1, pp. 98–103.

11.
Königsberg clergy to the supreme councillors of Ducal Prussia [no date; reply to the Elector’s letter of 26 April], in Erdmannsdörffer (ed.),
Politische Verhandlungen
, vol. 1, pp. 98–103. The ‘law’ invoked here refers to the articles of the Political Testament of Duke Albrecht the Elder, which stipulated that the Lutheran supremacy in the duchy was to remain intact.

BOOK: Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
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