It's a Jungle in There: How Competition and Cooperation in the Brain Shape the Mind (48 page)

foot fondling,
35

foreign language learning,
211
n40

forgetting

curve,
141
–
42
,
141
f
,
211
nn38–
40

retrieval induced,
211
n44

Forgetting, Law of,
209
n18

fort analogy,
160

founder effect,
17
–
18

framing effects,
158
–
59

free-throw example,
107
–
8

frequency effect,
101
n9

Freud, Sigmund,
106

functional fixedness

hints overcoming,
157
–
58

set effects and,
156
–
57

functional mechanisms

of mind,
5
–
6

of natural selection,
13
,
14

Gazzaniga, Michael,
26

genetic algorithms,
163

genetics, language and,
116
–
17

genius,
164

Georgopoulos, Apostolos,
109

Gibson, J. J.,
200
n13

glucose,
198
n7

golf example,
108

go/no-go task

inhibition and,
72
–
73

stopping and,
73
–
74

Gopnik, Alison,
185

Graf, Peter,
133

grammar,
116

grid illusion,
84
,
85
f

hard work,
162

Heathcote, A.,
210
n34

Hebb, D. O.,
198
n6

Helmholtz, Herman von,
89
–
90

Hering, Ewald,
86

Hick, Edumund,
61

Hick-Hyman Law,
61
,
63
–
64

hidden neural niches,
134
,
209
n17

hierarchical model, concepts and,
167
–
68

Hiero II, King,
151

High-Speed Scanning in Human Memory
(Sternberg),
68

hindsight bias,
13
,
196
nn6–
7

Hinton, Geoffrey,
21
,
198
n1

hints,
157
–
58

hippocampus,
217
n71

Holst, Erich von,
126

horseshoe crabs,
81
–
82

Hubel, David,
29
,
96
–
97

Human Information Processing
(Lindsay & Norman),
3
,
4
f

Hurvich, Leo,
86

Hyman, Ray,
61

hyper-complex cells,
97

ideas, transmission of,
187
–
88

ideomotor theory,
121
–
23

illusion

grid,
84
,
85
f

waterfall,
87
–
88

implicit memory,
109
n15
,
133
–
34

imposed-dot-pictures,
44
–
45

imprinting,
17
–
18
,
197
n16

improvisation,
162
–
63

imps.
See
elfs

incubation

problem solving and,
153
–
54

set effects and,
154
–
56

inference, perceptual,
88
–
90

information theory

binary digits and,
61
–
62
,
201
n5

chunks and,
63
–
64
,
201
n7

Miller, George, and,
63

RT and,
61
–
64

inhibition,
23

attention and,
48
–
51

center-surround,
82
–
84

competition and,
7
,
51

Dell and,
107

flankers task and,
49
–
51

go/no-go task and,
72
–
73

latent,
210
n27

lateral,
82

Posner and,
48
–
49

priming and,
77
–
78

response competition and,
51

of return,
49

RT and,
76
–
78

task switching and,
78

inhibitory model of behavioral control,
124
–
25
,
125
f
,
208
n56

inner action,
55
–
57

inner-jungle principle.
See also specific subject

biased competition theory and,
58
–
59

conclusions,
193
–
94

dumb entities and,
viii
–
ix

evolutionary psychology and,
185
–
86

mental executive and,
13

origins of,
viii

transmission of ideas and,
187
–
88

interactive activation model,
95
,
95
f

interference,
141
f
,
142
,
211
nn38–
40

interneurons,
25
–
26

invention

hard work and,
162

improvisation and,
162
–
63

Velcro,
161

James, William,
41
,
120
–
21
,
216
n67

Jameson, Dorothea,
86

Jennings, Ken,
105

Jeopardy!
(game show),
105

Jolly Jumper,
113
–
14
,
206
n25

Jost, A.,
209
n18

jug problem,
155

jungle principle.
See
inner-jungle principle;
specific subject

just so,
184
–
85

Kahneman, Daniel,
158
,
195
n1
,
212
n13

Kamin, Leon,
138

Kasparov, Gary,
105

Keil, Frank,
171

Kemler, Deborah,
52
–
53

Kirsner, Kim,
150

kittens,
100

kluge,
217
n70

Kornblum, Sylvan,
64

Kwak’wala Indians,
148

language

Bayes’ Rule and,
117

evolution of,
188
–
89

foreign,
211
n40

genetics and,
116
–
17

over-generalization and,
116

latent inhibition,
210
n27

lateral inhibition,
82

late selection,
55
,
201
n33

lawn mower,
213
n20

Law of Effect,
195
n10

Law of Forgetting,
209
n18

Law of Retrograde Amnesia,
209
n18

leaky competing accumulator model,
80

learning.
See also
trial-and-error learning

blocking and,
137
–
38
,
210
n25

classical conditioning and,
135
–
37

concepts and,
168
–
69

conclusions about,
150

extinction and,
135
–
36
,
209
n22

false alarms and,
145
–
47
,
212
nn52–
53

foreign language,
211
n40

forgetting curve and,
141
–
42
,
141
f
,
211
nn38–
40

interference and,
141
f
,
142
,
211
nn38–
40

language,
116
–
17
,
211
n40

Beyond the Learning Curve
and,
150

mnemonics and,
144
–
45

observation-based,
118

old skills and,
135
,
209
n18

overview about,
127
–
28

post-exposure effect and,
147

power law of,
104
f
,
139
–
40
,
210
n34
,
211
n35

recall contents and,
147
–
50

Rescorla-Wagner model and,
138
–
39
,
139
f

retrieval difficulty and,
128

retrieval induced forgetting and,
211
n44

savings and,
134
–
35
,
209
n18

thought deception and,
145
–
47
,
212
nn52–
53

“Learning Theory and the New ‘Mental Chemistry’” (Estes),
180

less-is-more approach,
190
,
216
n64

letter error example,
105
–
6

levels of control

attention and,
7
–
8

competition and,
7
–
9

cooperation and,
9

lexical decision,
64
–
65

Limb, Charles,
162

limited-capacity parallel search,
69
–
70

Lindsay, P. H.,
3
,
4
f

localization, of function,
29
–
30

loci, method of,
144
–
45

Loftus, Elizabeth,
147
,
149

looking behavior

attention and,
44
–
47

imposed-dot-pictures and,
44
–
45

orienting reflex and,
45

Posner and,
46
–
47

saccadic eye movements and,
46
,
200
n17

Lorenz, Konrad,
17
–
18
,
197
n16

Lötze, Hermann,
120

Mach, Ernst,
83

Mach bands,
83
–
84
,
84
f

Magendie, François,
24

“The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” (Miller, George),
63

mathematical modeling,
197
n12

mating,
175

maturation perspective,
113
,
114
,
206
n27

McClelland, James,
80
,
204
n22

memes,
187

memory

blocking and,
137
–
38
,
210
n25

brain stimulation and,
128
–
29

classical conditioning and,
135
–
37

conclusions about,
150

emotion and,
174
–
75

evolutionary psychology and,
182
–
83

extinction and,
135
–
36
,
209
n22

false alarms and,
145
–
47
,
212
nn52–
53

forgetting curve and,
141
–
42
,
141
f
,
211
nn38–
40

implicit,
109
n15
,
133
–
34

interference and,
141
f
,
142
,
211
nn38–
40

mnemonics and,
144
–
45

old skills and,
135
,
209
n18

overview about,
127
–
28

post-exposure effect and,
147

power law of learning and,
104
f
,
139
–
40
,
210
n34
,
211
n35

prejudice and,
149

recall and,
130
–
33
,
147
–
50

recognition,
130

Rescorla-Wagner model and,
138
–
39
,
139
f

retrieval difficulty and,
128

retrieval induced forgetting and,
211
n44

savings and,
134
–
35
,
209
n18

sex and,
175

survival and,
182
–
83

thought deception and,
145
–
47
,
212
nn52–
53

working,
8
–
9
,
195
n12

memory scanning

High-Speed Scanning in Human Memory
and,
68

limited-capacity parallel search and,
69
–
70

parallel search and,
67
–
68

RT and,
65
–
69

serial exhaustive search and,
67
,
68
–
69

serial self-terminating search and,
66
–
67

Sternberg and,
65
–
69
,
65
f

mental executive, natural selection and,
13

mere exposure effect,
133
–
34