Janus (51 page)

Macbeth, Norman, 178
McConnell, J. V., 198 n
MacDougall, W., 198
Mach's Principle, 62 n, 256
MacKay, Donald, 239
MacLean, P. D., 8, 8 n, 9, 23 n, 53
McNeill, David, 23 n, 290
Malice, 115, 118, 121, 126, 133, 135
Mammalia, 206, 206 n, 207-8, 210
Mao Tse-tung, 95, 277
Maoism, 8, 277
Margenau, Henry, 256-8, 279
Marsupials, 12-13, 19, 206-8
Marx, Julius ('Groucho'), 117, 120
Marx, Karl, 155
Masochism, 112-13, 121
Massenpsychologie (group-mentality), 80-3, 104
Mass-hysteria, 94
Mayr, E., 170
Mechanic, Arnold, 312
Melancholia, 177
Memory, 47, 47 n
abstractive, 48-54, 296-7
'spotlight' type of, 48, 52-4, 296-7
Mendel,J. Gregor, 181-3, 185, 198
Mendelism, 182-6, 190, 198
Mental activity, levels of, 97
Mental disorders, 95, 98, 103-4
treatment of, 104
Metamorphosis, 129
Metaphysics, Ch. XIII passim
Michel, Aimé, 325
Midsummer Night's Dream, A, 234
Milgram, Stanley, 83, 85, 87-90
Miller, G. A., 44 n, 308
Milton, John, 120
Mitochondria, 28-30
Monod, Jacques, 67, 173-5, 186 n, 188-9, 191-2, 194, 213
Morgan, Lloyd, 32
Morphemes, 35, 37, 233
Morphic prInciple, 224 n, 270
Morphogenesis, 37, 41, 43
Morphogenetic fields, 37, 41
Morris, Desmond, 19, 24
Motivating forces, 77-8
Mozart, Wolfgang, 127
Muller, H. J., 213
Music, humour in, 126-7
Mutations, 187-91, 198, 202-3, 215, 273
Myers, F. W. H., 17
Myxotricha paradoxa, 68-9
Naked Ape, The, 24
Nash, Ogden, 120
Natural selection, 168-71, 173, 176-7, 181, 185, 189-90, 196, 198,
274, 284
Nature, 210 n
Needham, Joseph, 31-2, 42, 220, 293 n
Negentropy (negative entropy), 223-5, 269
Neocortex, 9-11, 20, 96, 99, 103, 118, 274
Neo-Darwinism, 25, 165-6, 168, 171, 173, 177, 178 n, 179, 181, 184-5,
190, 192, 194-8, 200, 204, 213, 275
Neoteny, 217
Neo-vitalism, 224-5
Nerves, 27
Net-formation (reticulation), 47
Neumann, Johann von, 266
Neuropharmacology, 101-3
Neurophysiology, 8-13, 53, 96, 230, 251
Neutrinos, 252, 252 n
New Scientist, 199, 242, 320
New Yorker, 114, 118, 128
Newton, Sir Isaac, 61, 146, 153, 155, 157, 181, 185, 199, 243-4, 248, 250
his Law of Gravity, 61
his Laws of Motion, 248, 302
Nikias, 157
Nonsense verse, 122
Nuclear warfare, 2-3
Nucleus, cell, 40, 182
Ode on a Grecian Urn, 155
Odyssey, The, 158
Oersted, Hans Christian, 132
Olds,J., 317
Olivier, Sir Laurence, 76
Oneirolysis, 151
Oneirosynthesis, 151
Ontogenetic holons, 37
Ontogeny, 36-7, 39-40, 43, 54-5, 186, 189, 213, 231, 294
Organ-buds, 41
Organelles, 28-30, 34, 37, 40, 44, 58, 68, 205, 206, 209, 225
Organismic hierarchy, 27-31, 223
Organisms, 27-31
Organization, levels of, 32-3
Organs, 27-9, 39, 41, 58
Orgs, 37 n
Origin of Species, The, 180, 204
Origin of Vertebrates, The, 12
Originality in humour, 127-8, 130
Orwell, George, 122, 133
Osgood. C. E., 312
Output hierarchies, 36, 294, 307
Oxford, University of, 271, 281
Paedomorphosis, 218-20, 222
Panpsychism, 229-30, 252
Papez-MacLean theory of emotions, 8-9, 53
Paranoia, 95, 98, 104, 174
Parapsychology, 242-5, 252, 258-9, 270-1, 273, 279-80
Parental love, 73
Parody, 123, 127
Part and the Whole, The
(Der Teil und das Ganze), 67, 67 n
Participatory tendency (of the holon),
see Integrative tendency
Partness, 26-7, 33, 58, 60-2, 66-7, 74, 78, 82
versus wholeness, 62
Pascal, Blaise, 78, 229, 266
'Pathology of Memory, The', 47 n
Patou, 166, 168
Pattee, H. H., 30
Pattern recognition, 49 n
Pauli, Wolfgang, 235, 257-9, 261 n, 263-4
his Exclusion Principle, 257-9, 263, 266
Pavlov, I. P., 19, 24, 32, 198
Pearl, F. S., 66
Penfleld, W., 53, 238, 251, 297
Pentagon, the, 3, 33
Perception, 312-16
Perceptual hierarchy, 49, 50, 52 n, 307
Perceptual skills, 35
Petri Papyrus, 101
Phenomenalism, 4 n
Philosophie Zoologique, 194
Phonemes, 35, 37, 39, 233
Phylogeny, 43, 53, 54-5, 118, 188-9, 203, 213, 221, 294
Physical causality, 259-65, 268-9
Physics, Ch. XIII passim
Physics and Beyond,
see Part and the Whole, The
Piaget, Jean, 23 n, 293
Pico della Mirandola, 265
PK (psychokinesis), 251, 270-1
Placentals, 12, 206-8
Plato, 111, 210, 265
Playful behaviour, 123-4
Pleasurableness, 70-3
Pleiotropy, 187
Pliny, 157
Podolsky, B., 248, 256-7
Poher, Claude, 324
Poincaré, Raymond, 154
Polanyi, Michael, 239
Polarity, 57-60, 62, 62 n, 70, 73, 78, 81, 135, 147, 302, 304
Pollution, 3
Polygeny, 187
Polygnotus, 157
Popper, Sir Karl, 149 n, 178 n, 239
Population explosion, 3, 10, 100
Post-natal skills, 42
Practical jokes, 123-4, 127, 129
Pre-natal skills, 42
Prescott, O., 95
Pribram, K. H., 317
Price, H. H., 271, 281
Princeton University, 254
Principle of Complementarity, 61, 234-5, 244-5
Principle of Indeterminacy, 249-50, 250 n
Principles of Biology, 196
Principles of Meteoritics, 322
Probability, theory of, 266-7
Problems of Genetics, 183-4
Problems of Life, 289
Prometheus, 3, 135
Proust, Marcel, 52
Psychokinesis (PK), 251, 270-1
Psycholinguistics, 31, 36, 45 n
Psychology, experimental:
at Bristol University, 91-2
at Yale University, 83-90
Psychopharmacology, 104
Punch, 128
Puns, 120-1, 129, 143-4
Pythagoras, 132, 135, 157, 265, 269
Quantum theory, the, 248-9, 252-3, 255, 257-8, 263, 269, 280
Quintilian, '57
Random mutations, 168, 173-4, 176-7, 180-1, 184-5, 189, 198, 209, 215
Ravel, Maurice, 127
Recalling experience, 54
Receptivity, 14, 20
Receptor organs, 49 n, 50, 55, 201, 280
Reductionist philosophy, 19-20, 23-6, 47, 165, 184, 212, 223-4, 239,
269, 279
Regeneration, 220-2, 224, 311
Regression, 63-4, 150-2, 222
Relevance, criteria of, 50-1, 54, 153-4
Religious ideologies, 96
Rembrandt, 72
Reticulation (net-formation), 47, 49, 297-8, 308
Reward, anticipation of, 71-2
and see Emotional drive
Rhine,J. Banks, 251, 258
Ribonucleic acid, 102, 102 n
Ribosomes, 28-9
Riddles of the Universe, The (Die Welträtsel), 279
Ritual killing, 6-8, 18-19, 73
Roberts, L., 53
Rolland, Romain, 139 n
Roots of Coincidence, The, 242, 243 n, 260
Rorschach, Hermann, 122, 153
Rosen, N., 248, 256-7
Rowlandson, Thomas, 114
Rules governing behaviour, 62, 81-3, 112, 147, 148, 150
Russell, Bertrand, 17, 112 n, 247, 256
Rutherford, E., 247
Ruyer, Raymond, 34
Sagan, Carl, 282 n, 319
St Hilaire, Geoffroy de, 43, 292
Sarton, George, 161
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 156
Satire, 122, 126, 130, 133
Schizophrenia, 103
Schizophysiology, 11, 96, 98, 104
Schlosberg, H., 312, 314
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 264-5
Schrödinger, Erwin, 223-5, 248, 250, 268-9, 306
Schweitzer, Albert, 106
Science and Human Behaviour, 166, 167 n
Scientific Creativity, 131-2, 135-6, 140, 150
Second Law of Thermodynamics, 64, 66, 222-3, 306
Secular ideologies, 96
Self-assertive emotions, 70, 73-4, 77, 116, 118, 130, 145, 240
Self-assertive tendency of the holon, 57-63, 67, 74-6, 78, 82-3, 89,
93, 116, 130, 134-5, 225, 265, 301-4
Self-awareness, 238-9, 310
Self-transcendence, 76
Self-transcending emotions, 60, 70, 73-4, 139, 140, 145
Self-transcending tendency (of the holon),
see Integrative tendency
Sensory input, 49-51, 55
Seurat, Georges, 154-5
Sexual relationships, 73
Shakespeare, William, 143, 145, 211
Sherrington, Sir Charles, 251
Simon, Herbert, 291, 305
Simons, H. A., 44
Simpson, G. G., 170, 195, 209, 212
Sinnott, E. W., 212
Skilled activities, 34-5, 38
Skinner, B. F., 19, 24-5, 32, 45, 45 n, 67, 166-7, 167 n, 169
Sleepwalkers, The, 131, 265 n, 324 n
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre, 68
Smuts, Jan, 26
Smythies,J. R., 23 n
Social hierarchies, 34, 61, 93-4, 226, 303
Social holons, 37, 57, 60-1, 80-2, 93-4, 100
Solomon, king of Israel, 128
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 156
Sorbonne, the, 177, 182
Species, evolution of, 43, 170, 177, 184
Speech, 35, 38
Spencer, Herbert, 116, 196
Spoonerisms, 120
'Spotlight' type of memory, 48, 52-4, 296-7
Spurway, Helen, i88, 210
S-R theory, 44 n
Stalinism, 8
Stanford University, 52, 312, 320
Stein, Gertrude, 58
Stevenson, R. L., 48, 72
Stimulation, 75
Strategic choices, 38-9, 45-6, 236-7, 300
Strategies in evolution, 44, Ch. XI passim
Strategy of the Genes, The, 41
Structure of Scienqfic Revolutions, 161
Sturrock, Peter, 321-2
Sub-atomic particles, 28-9, 62, 244-50, 253, 265
Suggestibility, 102, 104
Suggestive emphasis in humour, 127-8, 130
Superspace, 255
'Surprise' Symphony, 127
Swift,Jonathan, 67, 106, 122, 133
Symbiosis, 69, 225
Symbolic hierarchies, 37 n
Symbolic operations, 37
Symbolic thought, 43
Synchronicity, 259-65, 270
Synthetic theory, the, 25, 165, 171, 179, 188
and see Neo-Darwinism
Syntropy, 223, 225, 269
Szent-Györgyi, Albert, 154 n, 223-5, 269
Tajfel, Henri, 91-2
Takhtajan, A., 216 n, 218
Tampering with human nature, 99-102, 104
Taoism, 7, 265
Teil und das Ganze, Der
(The Part and the Whole), 67, 67 n
Teleology, 191-2, 192 n
Teleonomy, 191-2, 194, 213
Telepathy, 259-60, 270-1
Temin, H. M., 199 n
Thanatos (death-wish), 5, 57, 63-6, 223, 304
'Theory of Evolution Today, The', 202
Thermodynamics, Second Law of, 64, 66, 222-3, 306
Thomas, Lewis, 68
Thompson, D. W., 292
Thomson, Sir J. A., 195, 248
Thorndike's 'Law of Effect', 71 n
Thorpe, W. H., 23 n, 39-40, 165, 165 n, 210 n, 230, 292
Thurber, James, 111
Tickling, 125-6, 130
Tinbergen, Niko, 177-9
Tissues, 28-9, 31, 39-40, 40 n, 41
Torquemada, Tomás de, 77
Torture, 7, 7 n
Tragedy, 144-5
Truman, Harry S., 321
Tschermak, E., 181
Twilight Bar, 61 n
UFOs (unidentified flying objects), 319-25
Ulysses, 158
University College, London, 272
Unpleasurableness, 70-3
Unpopular Essays, 17
Vaihinger, Hans, 4, 4 n
Valse, La, 127
Variables of emotion, the three, 70-6
Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, The, 195
Varieties of Religious Experience, The, 96 n
Vasari, Giorgio, 157
Verbal Behaviour, 169
Vertebrates, 43-4, 205, 210, 218, 230
Vicarious emotions, 75
Vigier, J. P., 250
Visual arts, humour in the, 126-7
Vitalism, 224, 224 n, 226
Von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, 8, 23 n, 31, 171-2, 179, 188, 269, 289, 301, 304
Vries, Hugo de, 181
Waddington, C. H., 23 n, 40-1, 75, 170-1, 173, 190, 202, 202 n, 210, 226 n
294, 307
Wagner, Richard, 140, 318
Walker, E. Harris, 252
Wallace, A. Russel, 180, 274, 274 n, 275
Wallas, Graham, ida
Walter, W. Gray, 251
Wars, origin of, 14-15, 19
Watson,J. B., 25, 165-8, 196
Weaver, Warren, 266
Weeping, 137, 137 n, 138-9
Weismann, August, 196-7, 200-3, 213
Weiss, P. A., 23 n, 30, 290, 299, 308
Welles, Orson, 324
Wells, H. G., 281
Welträtsel, Die (The Riddles of the Universe), 279
What is Life?, 268-9
Wheeler, J. A., 254, 254 n, 255
Whitehead, A. North, 159
Wholeness, 26-7, 33, 58, 60-2, 66-7, 74, 78, 82
Whyte, L. L., 188 n, 210 n, 224 n, 270
Wickranashinghe, Chandra, 283
Wiener Walzer, 127
Wilberforce, Samuel, bishop of Oxford, 179
Wilson, D., 37 n
Wit, Ch. VI passim, 135
Witticisms, 120-1, 133
Wolsky, A., 174 n
Wolsky, M. de I., 174 n
Woltereck, N., 224 n, 269
Wood Jones, F., 12
Woodger,J., 32, 293 n
Woodworth, R. S., 150, 312, 314
Yale University, 83-5, 125, 256, 279
Yeats, W. B., 143, 145
Yoga, 46, 55, 234
Young, J. Z., 217
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ARTHUR KOESTLER was born in 1905 in Budapest. Though he studied science
and psychology in Vienna, at the age of twenty he became a foreign
correspondent and worked for various European newspapers in the Middle
East, Paris, Berlin, Russia and Spain. During the Spanish Civil War, which
he covered from the Republican side, he was captured and imprisoned for
several months by the Nationalists, but was exchanged after international
protest. In 1939-40 he was interned in a French detention camp. After
his release, due to British government intervention, he joined the
French Foreign Legion, subsequently' escaped to England, and joined the
British Army.
Like many other intellectuals in the thirties, Koestler saw in the Soviet
experiment the only hope and alternative to fascism. He became a member
of the Communist Party in 1931, but left it in disillusionment during the
Moscow purges in 1938. His earlier books were mainly concerned with these
experiences, either in autobiographical form or in essays or political
novels. Among the latter, Darkness At Noon has been translated into
thirty-three languages.
After World War II, Mr. Koestler became a British citizen, and all his
books since 1940 have been written in English. He now lives in London,
but he frequently lectures at American universities, and was a Fellow
at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford
in 1964-65.
In 1968 Mr. Koestler received the Sonning Prize at the University of
Copenhagen for his contributions to European culture. He is also a
Commander of the Order of the British Empire, as well as one of the ten
Companions of Literature, elected by the Royal Society of Literature. His
works are now being republished in a collected edition of twenty volumes.
PHILOSOPHY, HISTORY OF SCIENCE
Arthur
Koestler
--------
JANUS
"Few can surpass the clarity and simplicity with which Koestler
can translate complex scientific ideas into common language:
The Washington Post Book World
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This important work is at once a summary and an extension of Arthur
Koestler's lifelong examination of the "sciences of life -- the evolution,
creativity and pathology of the human mind." Its central theme is the
position of man in the post-Hiroshima world, a time when such traditional
doctrines as rationalism, materialism, and determinism offer little
hope for our continued survival. This encyclopedic study ranges from
small-particle physics to humor, and the analysis is both informed and
highly suggestive. As Koestler questions our understanding of life,
he also contributes to it -- in this book with a new and compelling
model of the human mind, based on the rival tendencies of independence
and cooperation.
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"In this eloquent distillation of his ideas ... koestler demonstrates the
breadth of vision that makes him one of the most challenging
thinkers of our time."
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