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Authors: Thomas Hardy

Jude the Obscure (Barnes & Noble Classics Series) (68 page)

BOOK: Jude the Obscure (Barnes & Noble Classics Series)

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Cyprus, home of Venus in Greek mythology, invokes physical love; Galilee, home of Jesus in the Bible, invokes spiritual love.

From “Hymn of Proserpine” (1866), a poem by A. C. Swinburne.

Scene of Christ’s crucifixion.

Respectively, poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow; George Gordon, Lord Byron; and Edgar Allan Poe.

Spirit of the place (Latin).

Reference to the novel
Robinson Crusoe
(1719), by Daniel Defoe.

From the poem “Gotterdammerung” by nineteenth-century German poet Heinrich Heine.

Drunken binge.

The Nicene and Apostles’ Creeds are declarations of the Christian faith.

Popular nineteenth-century song.

In the Bible, John 4:6, Christ sits by a well.

†Well-known Roman sculptural grouping from the first century A.D. depicting the struggles of the Trojan priest Laocoon, as recounted in Virgil’s
Aeneid
(19 B.C.).

Fragment from the poem “Hephaestion,” by Sappho, a female poet of ancient Greece; the classicist H. T. Wharton collected and translated her work in the late nineteenth century.

Final blow (French).

Reference to Jesus Christ.

Teacher-training school.

Salisbury Cathedral.

Purple-red.

Well-known buildings in the county of Wiltshire: Wardour Castle dates from the end of the fourteenth century; Fonthill is an enormous house commissioned by novelist William Beckford, completed in 1796.

Italian painters of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Sue prefers the secular subjects of these English painters, Sir Peter Lely and Sir Joshua Reynolds.

Nonconformist or outcast, referring to Ishmael; in the Bible, Genesis 16—25, Ishmael is the son of Abraham, who banishes him, with Ishmael’s mother, Hagar, to the desert.

The figures appear in one of the ancient Greek friezes from the Parthenon in Athens; known as the Elgin Marbles, the friezes are on display in the British Museum in London.

Sixpenny-worth.

Many of these authors were considered “indecent” by Victorian standards.

From “Too Late” (1864), a poem by Robert Browning.

From “Hymn to Proserpine” (1866), a poem by A. C. Swinburne.

Following the liberal, anti-authoritarian teachings of the eighteenth-century French philosopher Voltaire.

From the Bible, Song of Solomon 6:1.

In Greek mythology, a youth of such extraordinary beauty that Zeus brought him to heaven to be cupbearer to the gods.

Light refreshment before breakfast.

Roman goddess of love; Sue invokes her as representing true love as opposed to mere animal attraction.

British term for Gothic style of architecture, used because vertical lines are predominant.

From “The Worst of It” (1864), a poem by Robert Browning.

“Dissenting gentleman” refers to a nonconformist opposed to the Anglican Church.

The “Enemy” is the devil; Jude thinks that being near Sue would afford him the chance to resist sexual temptation.

From
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
(1766-1788), by Edward Gibbon.

From “Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce” (1643-1644), a pamphlet by the poet John Milton.

Michael Drayton, a seventeenth-century English poet.

King of England from 975 to 978.

‡King Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries in 1536.

Reference to the Apocrypha, books of the Bible that are of doubtful authenticity and therefore often not accepted as part of scripture.

Sue asks Jude if he is studying a theological textbook.

Musical term referring to the rapid repetition of tones.

Reference to the Bible, Genesis 37:5-10, in which Joseph tells his brothers of his dreams.

People who prepare corpses for burial.

By the very nature of the case (Latin).

Jeremy Taylor, George Butler, Philip Doddridge, William Paley, Edward Pusey, and John Henry Newman were theologians of the seventeen, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries.

That is, pure and holy.

From John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty (1859).

Argument that depends on an established authority (Latin).

Wilhelm von Humboldt, a German diplomat of the early nineteenth century.

From “Shaftesbury Fair,” by William Barnes, a Dorset poet.

Sure enough (dialect).

Laon and Cythna are lovers in “The Revolt of Islam” (1817), a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley; Paul and Virginia are lovers in the novel Paul et Vrginie (1788), by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre.

Large glass.

(dialect).

From the “The Statue and the Bust” (1855), a poem by Robert Browning.

Phillotson is quoting from “By the Fire-Side” (1853), a poem by Robert Browning.

Traveling salesmen who offered bargains.

From Meditations (A.D. 167), by Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, translated by George Long.

Taking effect at a specified time.

Greek goddess of divine justice and vengeance.

Loner.

From “Freedom and Love,” an early-nineteenth-century poem by Thomas Campbell.

Lower-class bar or pub.

†From the Bible, Job 3:3.

Greek muse of tragedy.

From the Bible, Deuteronomy 20:7.

Book of Common Prayer.

ƗFitting (dialect).

Hanged on a gallows.

ƗJude invokes the Bible, 1 Kings 13:34: “And this thing became sin unto the house of Jeroboam, even to cut it off, and to destroy it from off the face of the earth” (KJV).

Doing the same thing they’re doing.

From “The Revolt of Islam” (1818), a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley.

If it isn’t (dialect).

Cliild’s game.

Drunk.

Large cups filled to the rim.

Foot; the devil is said to have a cloven foot.

Biologist Thomas Huxley came up with the term “agnostic” in 1869 to define the skeptical belief that the existence of God cannot be proved or disproved.

Jude quotes from the Bible; the first passage is from 2 Corinthians 7:2 and the second is from Judges 17:6.

Process of facing a brick wall with a thin veneer of stone.

Black mourning dress.

Temporary fence that surrounds a construction site and is often covered with advertisements and other signs.

Stall for business.

Church that is not Anglican or Roman Catholic.

Eat fastidiously (dialect); here, figuratively, the term implies that the women are genteel.

From the Bible, Esther 14:2; chapter 14 is within a book called The Rest of Esther, part of the Apocrypha.

From “Too Late,” a poem by Robert Browning.

Robes for graduates receiving doctorates at Oxford are scarlet; earning a doctorate had been Jude’s ambition.

In the Bible, Acts 14: 8-11, the Lycaonians witness Saint Paul heal a crippled man.

From the Bible, Ecclesiastes 6:12.

A lens in a telescope or microscope.

Latin declensions; commencement services at Oxford are still conducted in Latin.

An allusion to the Bible, Luke 2:41; Mary and Joseph take the child Jesus to the Passover festival in Jerusalem every year.

A way of saying from bad to worse: Caiaphas, the Jewish high priest, handed Jesus to Pilate, the Roman governor who sentenced him to crucifixion.

Time when a pregnant woman delivers.

From the Bible, 1 Corinthians 4:9.

The clergymen are arguing a theological point; in despair at their pettiness, Jude cites the Bible, Romans 8:22: “The whole creation groaneth” (KJV).

Reason for existence (French).

Reference to
Agamemnon
(458 B.C.), a tragedy by the Greek playwright Aeschylus.

Sacerdotalism is a religious belief emphasizing the power of priests as mediators between God and man.

Reference to the Bible, Mark 15:38.

In Greek mythology, Rhadamanthus is one of the three judges of the dead in the underworld.

A reference to the river Acheron in Hades; Jude and Sue are walking like ghosts in the gloom of Hades.

From the Bible, 1 Corinthians 13:5.

A horse-drawn vehicle.

Embroidered nightgowns.

Merrymaking, celebrating.

Drunken; having a drinking bout.

From the Bible, 1 Corinthians 13:3.

A drunken version of the Church of England’s marriage service.

Strangest (dialect).

Also known as Capernaum, a city that appears throughout the Bible and where Jesus teaches in Mark 2; the term has come to mean a place of darkness and confusion.

Restive, obstinate (dialect).

The feast of the archangel Michael on September 29.

In Greek legend, daughter of Oedipus; heroine of the tragedy
Antigone
(442 B.C.), by Sophocles.

Two pieces of dialect: Un-ray means “undress”; jumps are “stays” in a corset.

Remembrance Day, the last day of the academic term at Oxford.

Boat races at the end of May in which the object is to bump other boats and become “Head of the River.”

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