Jungle of Snakes (33 page)

Chapter 11: Crisis in Malaya

1
.
Richard L. Clutterbuck,
The Long Long War: Counterinsurgency in Malaya and Vietnam
(New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966), 3.

2
.
Noel Barber,
The War of the Running Dogs: The Malayan Emergency, 1948– 1960
(New York: Weybright and Talley, 1971), 21.

3
.
Ibid., 22.

4
.
Ibid., 45–46.

Chapter 12: Personality and Vision

1
.
Once the government declared the Emergency, reinforcements flowed in. Various authors provide strengths of ten to thirteen
battalions. My total derives from Anthony Short,
The Communist Insurrection in Malaya, 1948–1960
(New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1975), 113.

2
.
Ibid., 136–37.

3
.
Arthur Campbell,
Jungle Green
(Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1953), 94.

4
.
John A. Nagl,
Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam: Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 69.

5
.
Noel Barber,
The War of the Running Dogs: The Malayan Emergency, 1948– 1960
(New York: Weybright and Talley, 1971), 62.

6
.
Short,
Communist Insurrection
, 98.

7
.
Ibid., 235–36.

8
.
Ibid., 173.

9
.
Richard Stubbs,
Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989), 102.

10
.
Short,
Communist Insurrection
, 229–30.

11
.
Ibid., 240.

12
.
Ibid., 292.

13
.
Ibid., 297.

Chapter 13: A Modern Cromwell

1
.
Noel Barber,
The War of the Running Dogs: The Malayan Emergency, 1948– 1960
(New York: Weybright and Talley, 1971), 140.

2
.
John A. Nagl,
Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam: Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 76.

3
.
Anthony Short,
The Communist Insurrection in Malaya, 1948–1960
(New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1975), 326.

4
.
Fifteen years later he dismissed the term as popular cant, calling it “that nauseating phrase I think I invented.”

5
.
Barber,
War of the Running Dogs
, 151.

6
.
Short,
Communist Insurrection
, 340.

7
.
Barber,
War of the Running Dogs
, 205.

8
.
Ibid., 158.

9
.
Short,
Communist Insurrection
, 343.

10
.
Nagl,
Counterinsurgency Lessons
, 98.

11
.
Arthur Campbell,
Jungle Green
(Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1953), 14.

12
.
John Chynoweth,
Hunting Terrorists in the Jungle
(Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing Limited, 2005), 134.

13
.
Campbell,
Jungle Green
, 26.

14
.
Richard Miers,
Shoot to Kill
(London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 160.

15
.
Short,
Communist Insurrection
483.

Chapter 14: Victory in Malaya

1
.
Noel Barber,
The War of the Running Dogs: The Malayan Emergency, 1948– 1960
(New York: Weybright and Talley, 1971), 152.

2
.
Anthony Short,
The Communist Insurrection in Malaya, 1948–1960
(New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1975, 364.

3
.
John Chynoweth,
Hunting Terrorists in the Jungle
(Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing Limited, 2005), 83.

4
.
Ibid., 49.

5
.
“Personality Profile: Gerard Templer,”
http://www.mindef.gov.sg/
imindef/ publications/pointer/ journals/2003/v29n4/personality_profile.html.

6
.
Sir Robert Thompson, ed.,
War in Peace: Conventional and Guerrilla Warfare Since 1945
(New York: Harmony Books, 1982), 83.

7
.
Richard Stubbs,
Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989), 259.

8
.
The title of Richard L. Clutterbuck’s book,
The Long Long War: Counterinsurgency in Malaya and Vietnam
(New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966).

9
.
Richard Miers,
Shoot to Kill
(London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 200.

10
.
Stubbs,
Hearts and Minds
, 3.

11
.
Clutterbuck,
The Long Long War,
122.

Chapter 15: In Search of a New Enemy

1
.
Gérard Chaliand,
The Art of War in World History
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 593.

2
.
Kidder to Department of State, March 3, 1955, in
Foreign Relations of the United States 1955–1957, Vol. I: Vietnam
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1985), 105.

3
.
Ronald H. Spector,
Advice and Support: The Early Years of the U.S. Army in Vietnam, 1941–1960
(New York: Free Press, 1985), 312.

4
.
John F. Kennedy, “Remarks at West Point to the Graduating Class of the U.S. Military Academy, June 6th, 1962,”
http://
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/
ws/index.php?pid=8695.

5
.
Dennis Warner, “Fighting the Viet Cong,”
Army
12, 2 (September 1961): 20.

6
.
Roger Hilsman,
To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967), 426.

7
.
Harry Maurer,
Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945–1975
(New York: Avon Books, 1989), 110.

8
.
Francis J. Kelly,
U.S. Army Special Forces, 1961–1971
(Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1973), 7.

Chapter 16: Pacification, Marine Corps Style

1
.
William C. Westmoreland,
A Soldier Reports
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), 98.

2
.
Ronald Schaffer, “The 1940
Small Wars Manual
and the Lessons of History,”
Military Affairs
, April 1972, 46.

3
.
Among many connections, one marine battalion commander who served in Vietnam was Major Littleton W. T. Waller, the grandson
of the officer who commanded the marines on Samar during the Philippine Insurrection.

4
.
Larry E. Cable,
Conflict of Myths: The Development of American Counterinsurgency Doctrine and the Vietnam War
(New York: New York University Press, 1986), 162.

5
.
See Field Manual FM 8-2, U. S. Marine Corps,
Operations Against Guerrilla Forces
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1962), 75.

6
.
Lewis Walt,
Strange War, Strange Strategy
(New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1970), 18.

7
.
Jack Shulimson and Charles M. Johnson,
U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup 1965
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, 1978), 39.

8
.
Stuart A. Herrington,
Silence Was a Weapon: The Vietnam War in the Villages
(Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1982), 29.

9
.
Victor H. Krulak,
First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984), 185.

10
.
Lt. Paul Ek Interview #46, January 24, 1966, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps.

11
.
Ibid.

12
.
Ibid.

13
.
Ibid.

Chapter 17: Progress and Setback

1
.
Al Hemingway,
Our War Was Different: Marine Combined Action Platoons in Vietnam
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 28.

2
.
Edward F. Palm, “Tiger Papa Three: A Memoir of the Combined Action Program,”
Marine Corps Gazette
, February 1988, 69.

3
.
Bruce C. Allnutt,
Marine Combined Action Capabilities: The Vietnam Experience
(McLean, VA: Human Sciences Research Inc., 1969), 28.

4
.
Robert A. Klyman, “The Combined Action Program: A Missed Opportunity,” (thesis draft, University of Michigan History Department,
December 21, 1985), 41.

5
.
Ibid., 21.

6
.
Palm, “Tiger Papa Three,” 37.

7
.
Ibid., 70.

8
.
Gary L. Telfer,
U.S. Marines in Vietnam: Fighting the North Vietnamese, 1967
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, 1984), 190.

9
.
Ibid., 190.

10
.
William R. Corson, “Marine Combined Action Program in Vietnam,” 1, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United
States Marine Corps.

11
.
Lyndon B. Johnson,
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson 1966
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1967), 4.

12
.
Lady Bird Johnson,
A White House Diary
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), 360.

13
.
James R. Arnold,
Presidents Under Fire: Commanders in Chief in Victory and Defeat
(New York: Orion Books, 1994), 269.

14
.
Charles Kaiser,
1968 in America: Music, Politics, Chaos, Counterculture, and the Shaping of a Generation
(New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), 124.

15
.
Captain Peter D. Haines, Interview #2534, March 9, 1968, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United States
Marine Corps.

16
.
Ibid.

17
.
Klyman, “The Combined Action Program,” 34.

18
.
Ibid.

19
.
Cpl. William Corcoran, Interview #2079, December 14, 1967, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United States
Marine Corps.

20
.
Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr.,
The Army and Vietnam
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 175.

21
.
United States Marine Corps,
Small Wars Manual, United States Marine Corps 1940
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1940), 1–17.

22
.
Victor H. Krulak,
First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984), 185.

Chapter 18: The Army’s Other War

1
.
William C. Westmoreland,
A Soldier Reports
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), 69.

2
.
Jack Shulimson,
U.S. Marines in Vietnam: An Expanding War, 1966
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, 1982), 233.

3
.
Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr.,
The Army and Vietnam
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 197.

4
.
Richard A. Hunt,
Pacification: The American Struggle for Vietnam’s Hearts and Minds
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), 141.

5
.
James W. Trullinger,
Village at War: An Account of Revolution in Vietnam
(New York: Longman, 1980), 124.

6
.
Nhu Tang Truong,
Journal of a Viet Cong
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), 192.

7
.
Hunt,
Pacification
, 193.

8
.
Brian M. Jenkins,
The Unchangeable War
(Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1970), 11.

9
.
Colonel William R. Corson, Interview #6338, Subject Files, Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps.

10
.
Krepinevich,
The Army and Vietnam
, 222.

11
.
Ibid., 205.

12
.
W. Scott Thompson and Donaldson D. Frizzell,
The Lessons of Vietnam
(New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1977), 79.

13
.
Douglas S. Blaufarb,
The Counter-Insurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance, 1950 to Present
(New York: Free Press, 1977), 245.