Lafayette (79 page)

13.
Mémoires
, I:22.

14.
Instructions for the Marquis de La Fayette, Major-General in the Army of the United States, commanding an expedition to Canada
, Department of State, Papers of the Old Congress (Vol. I:18), cited in Tower, I:272–274.

15.
Ibid.

16.
L to Gates, February 7, 1778, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Gottschalk,
Lafayette Joins
. . . , 130–131.

17.
Mémoires
, I:59.

18.
L to Washington, February 9, 1778, Hemingtown [Flemmingtown], Duer, 153–154.

19.
L to Washington, Albany, February 19, 1778, Duer, 154–158.

20.
Ibid.

21.
L to Henry Laurens, Albany, February 19, 1778, Idzerda, 295–297.

22.
Ibid.

23.
George Washington to L, Head Quarters [Valley Forge], March 10, 1778, Duer, 161–162.

24.
Ibid., February 23, 1778, Duer, 158–161.

25.
Jared Sparks,
The Life of Washington
(Boston: Tappan and Dennet, 1843), 256. [Sparks completed this work, and it was first printed by Metcalf, Keith, and Nichols, Printers to the University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1839, five years after Lafayette’s death.]

26.
L to Gates, March 11, 1778, in Tower, I:288.

27.
Mémoires
, I:23.

28.
Fragment of a Letter [from L] to the President of Congress, Albany, March 20, 1778, Duer, 163–164.

29.
W. C. Ford, ed.,
Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789
(34 vols.), X:217 (March 2, 1778).

30.
Henry Laurens to L, March 4, 1778, Louis Gottschalk,
Lafayette Joins the American Army
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937), 150.

31.
L to Henry Laurens, March 12, 1778, Gottschalk,
Lafayette Joins
. . . , 151.

32.
Laurens to L, March 24, 1778, Gottschalk,
Lafayette Joins
. . . , 161.

33.
Thomas Conway (1735–1800?) recovered from his wound and returned to France, regaining his position as a colonel in the French army. After fighting in Flanders and India, he was appointed governor general of French India in 1787. He returned to France at the outbreak of the Revolution, and, in 1793, he was exiled as a royalist. He disappeared from public life and is believed to have died around 1800.

34.
L to Madame de Lafayette, Valley Forge camp, in Pennsylvania, April 14, 1777.

35.
Mémoires
, I:24.

36.
The French word
étranger
can mean either “stranger” or “foreigner.”

37.
Kazimierz [English: Casimir] Pulaski (1747–1779) had fought gallantly, but lost, against Russian, Prussian, and Austrian invaders, who carved up Poland in 1770–1772. He fled to Turkey, then France, before getting a commission from Franklin and Deane to serve in America. He fought at Brandywine and was appointed brigadier general in charge of the Continental army cavalry. After refusing to serve under Wayne, he resigned, but Lafayette won his reinstatement, with orders to organize the so-called Pulaski Legion. The term “legion,” however, was a figurative one, referring to a mixed battalion of infantrymen and cavalrymen numbering in the hundreds. The literal meaning of “legion” refers to units of 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers in the Roman army.

38.
L to George Washington, Havre, France, October 7, 1779, Duer, 310.

39.
Franklin and Deane to the President of Congress, Passy, February 8, 1778, Wharton II:490–491.

40.
Mémoires
, I:34.

41.
Ibid.

42.
L to Henry Laurens, May 1, 1778, Gottschalk,
Lafayette Joins
. . . , 176.

43.
L to Madame de Lafayette, Valley Forge camp, June 16, 1778,
Mémoires
, I:67.

44.
Sparks,
Life
, 267–268.

45.
Ibid.

46.
Robert Morris to George Washington, May 9, 1778, York, Pennsylvania, Sparks,
Writings
, V:357 n.

47.
Mémoires
, I:33.

1.
Lasteyrie, 61.

2.
Sparks,
Writings
, V:360.

3.
Duer, 172.

4.
Mémoires
, I:34.

5.
Ibid., I:25.

6.
Ibid., I:34.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Mémoires
, I:25.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Bruce Lancaster,
From Lexington to Liberty, The Story of the American Revolution
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955), 349.

11.
Tower, I:384.

12.
Mémoires
, I:26.

13.
Duer, 54.

14.
Ibid.

15.
Journals of Congress, December 5, 1778.

16.
Equivalent to the twentieth-century battleship, the ship of the line evolved from the galleon, a slow three- or four-masted vessel that had a high superstructure on its stern and usually carried heavy guns along two decks. The cumbersome vessels engaged in chaotic or ship-to-ship combat, with one ship firing and ramming, and its men boarding, a single enemy ship. In the eighteenth century, designers streamlined the galleons, ridding them of the ungainly superstructure aft and reducing the number of masts to three. Most were about 200 feet (60 m) long, displaced 1,200 to 2,000 tons, and had
crews of 600 to 800 men. Their armament stood along three decks, with a bottom-deck battery of thirty cannons firing balls of 32 to 48 pounds; the middle-deck battery of thirty guns firing balls of about 24 pounds; and the upper battery consisting of thirty or more 12-pounders. In line-of-battle warfare, ships lined up in single file at regular intervals of about one hundred or more yards bow to stern, for distances that stretched as much as twelve miles (nineteen km), with all ships in the line firing their guns broadside at the ships in the enemy line. The tactic relied entirely on firing power to destroy enemy ships and permitted a single admiral to command an entire fleet.

The frigate was equivalent to today’s cruiser. A three-masted vessel, it carried thirty to forty 12-pounders on a single gun deck and additional guns on the stern and forecastle. Frigates were too small and not powerful enough to engage in line-of-battle warfare with ships of the line, but, because of their greater speed, they served as scouts or as escorts protecting merchant convoys from privateers and enemy raiders, and they cruised the seas as raiders.

17.
Doniol, III:243.

18.
Tower, I:439.

19.
Corvettes were small, fast, three-masted vessels smaller than frigates, with only about twenty guns on their top decks. They were most often used as dispatchers among ships of a battle fleet and as armed escorts for merchant fleets.

20.
Thomas C. Amory,
The Military Services and Life of Major-General John Sullivan, of the American Revolutionary Army
(Boston, 1868), 74.

21.
John Laurens to Henry Laurens, August 22, 1778, in Gottschalk,
Lafayette Joins
. . . , 249.

22.
Mémoires
, I:78.

23.
Official Report of the comte d’Estaing to the Secretary of the French Navy, Doniol, III:374–382.

24.
Greene, II:117.

25.
Tower, I:474–475.

26.
Tower, I:478.

27.
L to Washington, Newport, August 25, 1778, Duer, 186–194.

28.
Washington to L, White Plains, September [1], 1778, Duer, 195–196.

29.
Washington to d’Estaing, Head Quarters, September 11, 1778, Sparks,
Writings
, VI:57.

30.
Tower, I:494.

31.
Sparks,
Writings
, VI:44.

32.
Ibid.

33.
Tower, I:486–487.

34.
Greene to d’Estaing, Boston, September 23, 1778, Doniol, III:392–393.

35.
L to Washington, September 1, 1778, Duer, 199–202.

36.
Sullivan to Congress, August 31, 1778, in Tower, I:490.

37.
Ibid.

38.
Mémoires
. . . , I:80–82.

39.
Harlow Giles Unger,
John Hancock: Merchant King and American Patriot
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000), 277.

40.
Washington to L, September 25, 1778, Duer, 223–227.

41.
Doniol, III:422.

42.
Doniol, III:417–418.

43.
Duer, 234–236.

44.
Mémoires
, I:29. [Gottschalk disputes Lafayette’s recollection, insisting that Washington’s camp lay about twenty-two miles away. “It was obviously improbable that Washington went every day tearfully to ask the doctor how Lafayette was, as the
Mémoires
assert that he did. That would have meant a ride of . . . about five or six hours on horseback every day for several weeks.”—
Lafayette Joins
. . . , 304, n. 4.]

45.
Duer, 64.

46.
Washington to Henry Laurens, November 14, 1778, Sparks,
Life
, 289.

47.
Doniol, III:464–466.

48.
Mémoires, I:29.

49.
Washington to Franklin, Philadelphia, December 28, 1778, Gottschalk,
Lafayette Joins
. . . , 313.

50.
Duer, 243–244.

51.
Duer, 244–245.

1.
Mémoires
, I:29.

2.
Ibid.

3.
Ibid., 91.

4.
Lasteyrie, 63.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Ibid.

7.
André Maurois,
Adrienne, or The Life of the Marquise de La Fayette
, translated by Gerard Hopkins (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), 75.

8.
Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804–1869), cited in Maurois, 76, from unidentified source.

9.
John Adams to L, Passy, February 21, 1779, in Idzerda, 234–236.

10.
Dragoons were heavily armed cavalrymen who carried a type of carbine or short musket that belched fire like a dragon with each discharge and earned the name “dragoon.”

11.
L to Louis XVI, February 19, 1779, Idzerda, 439–440.

12.
Rochon de Chabannes, in Louis Gottschalk,
Lafayette and the Close of the American Revolution
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942), 77.

13.
Mémoires
, I:30.

14.
Franklin to L, Passy, March 22, 1779, Warren, III:91–92.

15.
Mémoires
, I:31.

16.
Franklin to John Paul Jones, April 27, 1779, Gottschalk,
Lafayette and the Close of
. . . , 13–14.

17.
L to John Paul Jones, April 27, 1779; Jones to L, May 1, 1779, Gottschalk,
Lafayette and the Close of
. . . , 14.

18.
Duer, 278–282.

19.
L to Jones, May 22, 1779, Gottschalk,
Lafayette and the Close of . . . , 18
.

20.
L to Vergennes, St.-Jean-d’Angely, June 10, 1779, Doniol, IV:291.

21.
Duer, 286–290.

22.
Duer, 290–296.

23.
Duer, 296.

24.
François Métra et al.,
Correspondance secrète, politique et littéraire
(London, 1787–1790, 18 vols.), VIII:139, in Maurois, 79.

25.
L to Vergennes, Le Havre, July 30, 1779,
Mémoires
, I:108.

26.
“Dr. Franklin to the Marquis de Lafayette, Passy, August 24, 1799,” Duer, 303.

27.
L to Washington, Havre, October 7, 1779, Duer, 310–314.

28.
Attributed. Aboard the
Bonhomme Richard
, September 23, 1779. (Source:
Bartlett’s Famous Quotations
.)

29.
General Lincoln to the president of Congress, Charlestown, October 22, 1779, Doniol, IV:265.

30.
Washington to L, West Point, September 30, 1779, Duer, 304–309.

31.
Ibid, except paragraph beginning, “But to conclude . . . ” which does not appear in Duer, but is cited in Idzerda, II:317–318, and Fitzpatrick,
Writings
, XVI:368–376. In compiling Lafayette’s letters and manuscripts for publication, his son expurgated almost all suggestive passages.

32.
Gottschalk,
Lafayette and the Close of
. . . , 81, citing Percy Noel (tr.), “Our Revolutionary Forefathers: the journal of François, marquis de Barbé-Marbois [secretary to La Luzerne],”
Atlantic Monthly
, CXLII (1928), 156.

33.
Adrienne to L, December 24, 1779, Idzerda, II:465–466.

34.
L to Franklin, December 24, 1779, Idzerda, II:341.

35.
L to Maurepas, Paris, January 25, 1780, Idzerda, II:466–470.

36.
L to Vergennes, Versailles, February 2, 1780,
Mémoires
, I:114–115.

37.
Instructions remises à M. de La Fayette, le 5 mars 1780
, Doniol, IV:314–318.

38.
John Adams to Laurens, Paris, February 27, 1780, Wharton, III:524–526.

39.
Franklin to Washington, Passy, March 5, 1780, Wharton, III:537–538.

40.
Franklin to Huntington, President of Congress, Passy, March 4, 1780, Wharton, III:534–537.

41.
Maurois, 82.

42.
Lasteyrie, 201.

43.
L to Adrienne, Etampes, March 6, 1780, Maurois, 83.

44.
Duer, 318.

1.
Washington to L, Morristown, May 1780, Duer, 320–321.

2.
Lancaster, 380.

3.
Lancaster, 380–381.

4.
Sparks,
Writings
, VII:50.

5.
L to Adrienne,
Water Bury sur la Route de Boston au Camp
, May 6, 1780, Idzerda, III:429–431.