Read Life's Greatest Secret Online
Authors: Matthew Cobb
Life's Greatest Secret (70 page)
113
Leo Szilárd and
151
Maurice Wilkins and
18
,
89
Norbert Wiener and
29
NRDC and
20
Oak Ridge Laboratory and
142
USSR and
29
,
86
von Neumann and
28–9
AUG codon
213
,
225
,
316
Augenstine, Leroy
144–5
automation
in science
310
self-reproducing automata
32
,
80
,
119
,
146
Wiener on the potential of
74–7
,
310
Avery, Oswald T.
awards
38
,
50
Francis Crick on
132
,
136
,
216
health
38
on nucleic acids as the transforming principle
43–53
reactions to his ideas
55–9
,
62–4
,
68–70
transformation in pneumococci
34–41
Avery, Roy (brother of Oswald)
44–5
,
59
,
63
B
Bacillus thuringiensis
270
bacteria
based on ‘synthetic’ DNA
267
capsule formation and virulence
36–7
DNA sequences online
235
enzymatic adaptation
152
generality of transformation in
59
negative feedback in biosynthesis by
153–5
sexual reproduction
51
transformation in
E. coli
51–2
,
56
,
61
,
63
transformation in pneumococci
36–9
,
63
bacteriophages
see
phages
Bakewell, Robert
1–2
Baltimore, David
251–2
Bar-Hillel, Yehoshuua
144
Barnett, Leslie
193
base pairing
complementary base pairing
106
,
109
frequency in different genomes
295
κ and Π base pairs
278
spontaneous
102
unnatural base pairs
277–8
,
285
Z and P base pairs
278
base sequence
as the genetic code
111
relation to amino acid sequence
117
,
124–6
,
133
variability
54
,
62
,
70
bases, DNA
hydrogen bonding between
58
,
92
,
101
,
106
ratio of pyrimidines to purines
42
,
91
,
102
,
106
,
109
sequence variation and specificity
57–8
bases, nucleic acid
defined
316
investigations of DNA and RNA
198
orientation
42
proportions within and between species
62
,
90
tetranucleotide hypothesis
7
,
42
,
51
,
54
,
62
,
90
see also
purines
;
pyrimidines
Bateson, Gregory
22
Baulcombe, David
259
Beadle, George
at Chemical Basis of Heredity symposium
132
comments on Benzer’s work
162
Nobel Prize
215
one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis
9–11
,
204
,
243–4
at the Washington Physics conference
33
behaviour, genetic effects
304–5
Beighton, Elwyn
102
Beljanski, Mirko
189–90
Bell, Florence
91
,
93
,
104
Benner, Steven
277–8
Benzer, Seymour
161–3
,
165
,
187n
,
203
,
215
,
302
Berg, Paul
279
,
281
,
285
Bergmann, Max
46
β-galactosidase
152–3
,
156
,
158
,
160
,
165
‘Big Science’
311–12
Bigelow, Julian
22–4
,
27
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
180
bioinformatics
238
The Biological Replication of Macromolecules symposium
130
‘Biological units endowed with genetic continuity’ meeting
53
,
59–60
biosecurity
280–1
,
285
biotechnology
DNA fingerprinting as
231
fermentation as
268
genetically modified organisms
269–71
,
284
regulation of
284–5
synthetic biology
277
Birney, Ewan
242
,
247
,
271
bits (binary digits)
27
,
78
Blair, Tony
233
‘blender experiments’
68
Boivin, André
on DNA leading to RNA
71
,
140
,
214
Mirsky and
56–7
,
59
transformation in
E. coli
51–2
,
56
on varying DNA quantities
60–1
Botstein, David
231
Boveri, Theodor
3
Brachet, Jean
58
,
71–2
,
116
Bragg, Sir Laurence
94–5
,
100
,
105
,
108
BRCA1
gene
234
Brenner, Sydney
adaptor hypothesis
121
,
135
,
209
on cell-free systems
182
on the coding problem
172
coinage of ‘codon’
203
collaboration with Crick
121
,
125
,
165–6
,
189
,
192–3
developmental biology interest
216
disproves overlapping code idea
123–4
,
200
messenger RNA idea
165–7
,
172
,
178
,
182
,
190
Nobel Prize
215
nonsense codons
213
on using polynucleotides
189
work with viruses
174
,
192
,
200
,
213
Bridges, Calvin
4
Brillouin, Léon
76
,
202
Britten, Roy
243
Brookhaven Laboratory
174
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
253–4
Burnet, Macfarlane
Enzyme, Antigen and Virus: A Study of Macromolecular Pattern in Action
134–5
,
139
,
141
,
146–7
on information flows
139–41
,
146–7
meeting with Avery
34–5
on non-coding DNA
141
,
222
Bush, Vannevar
20–1
,
26
C
‘C-value paradox’
246
caddis-fly
175
Caenorhabditis elegans
231–2
,
258
,
277
Cairns, John
218
Caldwell, P. C.
71–2
,
114
,
214
Caltech (California Institute of Technology)
10
,
80
,
94
,
167
Cambridge
SEB nucleic acids symposium, 1946
53–5
,
58
SEB nucleic acids symposium, 1947
92
see also
Bragg
; Crick;
Watson
cancer
E. coli
experiments and
279
epigenetic marks
257
genomic variation and treatment
236–7
regulator genes and
169
,
171
reverse transcriptases and
250
,
252
capsule formation in bacteria
36–7
carotenoids
271
Cas9 endonuclease
282–3
Caspersson, Torbjörn
8
,
58
,
71–2
,
116
Cech, Thomas
288
Celera Genomics
231–3
Cell
(journal)
discovery of ‘split genes’
221
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance…
259
cell-free protein synthesis
Crick’s critique of
206
early preponderance of uridine
199
,
201–2
Matthaei and Nirenberg’s work on
173
,
178–80
,
183–4
in Ochoa’s laboratory
176–7
,
191
,
209
oligonucleotide solution
208
problems with poly(A)
189–91
varied polynucleotides in
198
,
203
,
208
central dogma of genetics
apparent exceptions
262–3
,
266
Crick’s clarification of
251–3
Crick’s original formulation of
132–3
,
135–7
epigenetics and
259–60
natural selection and
262
prion proteins and
254
reverse transcriptases and
250–1
centrifugation
blender experiments
68
ultracentrifuges
39
,
41
,
163
,
167
Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior symposium, 1948
80
CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)
272
cetacean genome
245
chain termination DNA sequencing
228
Chance and Necessity
by Jacques Monod
306
chaperones, molecular
263
,
265
,
294
Chargaff, Erwin
DNA samples from
99
,
102
meeting with Watson and Crick
101–2
opponent of sequence hypothesis
133–4
on proportions of DNA bases
57
,
59
,
62
,
90–1
,
106
supporter of Avery
51
,
57
,
62
uncertainty about DNA role
132–4
‘Chargaff rules’
109
Charpentier, Emmanuelle
283–4
Chase, Martha
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