Machines of Loving Grace (54 page)

electronic commerce, advent of, 289, 301–302

electronic stability control (ESC), 46

Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer (EPAM), 283

“Elephants Don’t Play Chess” (Brooks), 201

Eliza, 14, 113, 172–174, 221

email, advent of, 290, 310

End of Work, The
(Rifkin), 76–77

Engelbart, Doug.
see also
SRI International

    
on exponential power of computers, 118–119

    
IA
versus
AI debate and, 165–167

    
on intelligence augmentation (IA), xii, 5–7, 31

    
Minsky and, 17

    
“Mother of All Demos” (1968) by, 62

    
NLS, 5–7, 172, 197

    
Rosen and, 102

    
Siri and, 301, 316–317

Engineers and the Price System, The
(Veblen), 343

Enterprise Integration Technologies, 289, 291

ethical issues, 324–344.
see also
intelligence augmentation (IA)
versus
AI; labor force

    
of autonomous cars, 26–27, 60–61

    
decision making and control, 341–342

    
Google on, 91

    
human-in-the-loop debates, 158–165, 167–169, 335

    
of labor force, 68–73, 325–332

    
scientists’ responsibility and, 332–341, 342–344

    
“techno-religious” issues, 116–117

expert systems, defined, 134–141, 285

Facebook, 83, 156–158, 266–267

Fast-SLAM, 37

Feigenbaum, Ed, 113, 133–136, 167–169, 283, 287–288

Felsenstein, Lee, 208–215

Fernstedt, Anders, 71

“field robotics,” 233–234

Fishman, Charles, 81

Flextronics, 68

Flores, Fernando, 179–180, 188

Foot, Philippa, 60

Ford, Martin, 79

Ford Motor Company, 70

Forstall, Scott, 322

Foxconn, 93, 208, 248

Friedland, Peter, 292

Galaxy Zoo, 219–220

Gates, Bill, 305, 329–330

General Electric (GE), 68–69

General Magic, 240, 315

General Motors (GM), 32–35, 48–50, 52, 53, 60

Genetic Finance, 304

Genghis (robot), 202

Geometrics, 127

George, Dileep, 154

Geraci, Robert, 85, 116–117

Gerald (digital light field), 271

Giant Brains, or Machines That Think
(Berkeley), 231

Gibson, William, 23–24

Go Corp., 141

God & Golem, Inc
.
(Wiener), 75, 211

GOFAI (Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence), 108–109, 186

“Golemic Approach, The” (Felsenstein), 212–213

“golemics,” 75, 208–215

Google

    
Android, 43, 239, 248, 320

    
autonomous cars and, 35–45, 51–52, 54–59, 62–63

    
Chauffeur, 43

    
DeepMind Technologies and, 91, 337–338

    
Google Glass, 23, 38

    
Google Now, 12–13, 341

    
Google X Laboratory, 152–153

    
Human Brain Project, 153–154

    
influence of early AI history on, 99

    
Kurzweil and, 85

    
PageRank algorithm, 62, 92, 259

    
robotic advancement by, 241–244, 248–255, 256, 260–261

    
70-20-10 rule of, 39

    
Siri’s development and, 314–315

    
Street View cars, 39, 42–43, 54

    
X Lab, 38, 55–56

Gordon, Robert J., 87–89

Gou, Terry, 93, 248

Gowen, Rhia, 277–279

Granakis, Alfred, 70

Grand Challenge (DARPA), 24, 26, 27–36, 40

“Grand Traverse,” 234

Green, David A., 80

Grendel (rover), 203

Grimson, Eric, 47

Gruber, Tom, xiii–xiv, 277–279,
278,
282–297, 310–323, 339

Grudin, Jonathan, 15, 170, 193, 342

Guzzoni, Didier, 303

hacker culture, early, 110–111, 174

Hart, Peter, 101–102, 103, 128, 129

Hassan, Scott, 243, 259–260, 267, 268, 271

Hawkins, Jeff, 85, 154

Hayon, Gaby, 50

Hearsay-II, 282–283

Heartland Robotics (Rethink Robotics), 204–208

Hecht, Lee, 135, 139

Hegel, G.
W.
F., 340

Heims, Steven, 75

Hendrix, Gary, 135

Herr, Bill, 78

Hewitt, Carl, 175

Hewlett-Packard, 255, 291

Hillis, Danny, 119

Hinton, Geoffrey, 143–156,
151

Hoaloha Robotics, 330–332

Hoefler, Don, 178

Hoffman, Reid, 295–296

Homebrew Computer Club, 197, 210–211

Hopfield, John, 145

Hopfield Network, 145, 149

Horvitz, Eric, xiii, 215–220, 336

How to Create a Mind
(Kurzweil), 85, 154

“How to NOT Build a Terminator” (Arkin), 333–335

Hubbard, G.
Scott, 168

Hughes, Kevin, 290–291

Hughes Corp., 126

Humanoids 2013, 333–335

Human Use of Human Beings, The
(Wiener), 8, 70, 98

HyperDoc, 298

Hypermail, 290–292

hypertext links, invention of, 6

IBM, 109, 138, 225–226

Illich, Ivan, 213–215

Inaba, Masayuki, 244

Industrial Perception, 241–244, 269–270

Infocom, 224

Inoue, Hirochika, 244

Instagram, 83

Intel Corp., 95, 178, 260–265

Intellicorp, 128

intelligence augmentation (IA)
versus
AI, 159–194

    
agent-based interfaces and, 187–194

    
autonomous cars and, 24, 62

    
ethical issues of, 332–341, 342–344

    
Gerald (digital light field), 271

    
Google founding and, 184–187

    
human-computer interaction, 11–18

    
human-in-the-loop debates, 158–165, 167–169, 335

    
IA, defined, xii, 5–7, 31, 115, 141

    
McCarthy’s and Engelbart’s work compared, 165–167

    
paradoxical relationship between, xii–xiii

    
Searle and, 179, 180–182

    
Siri and, 12–13, 31, 190, 193–194, 282

    
social construction of technology concept, xvii

    
Winograd’s changed views about, 170–178,
171,
182–187

intelligent cruise control, 43

intelligent elevator, 215

International Federation of Robotics (IFR), 87

Internet

    
advent of, 7

    
ARPAnet as precursor to, 164, 196

    
Internet of Things, xv, 193

    
neural network advancement and, 151

    
photographic film industry and, 83–84

    
search engine optimization, 86

    
“Third Industrial Revolution,” 88, 89

    
Web 2.0, 295

    
World Wide Web development, 140, 288–290

Interval Research Corporation, 213, 267, 268

Intraspect, 292–295

Intuitive Surgical, 271

iRobot, 203

Jennings, Ken, 225, 226

Jobs, Steve, 13, 35, 112, 131, 194, 214, 241, 281–282, 320–323

Johns Hopkins University, 145

Johnson, Lyndon B., 73

Joshi, Aravind Krishna, 132

Joy, Bill, 336, 343

Kaplan, Jerry, 27, 131–141

Kapor, Mitch, 140, 292

Kay, Alan, 7–8, 115, 120, 198–199, 306–310, 339–341

Kelley, David, 186

Kelly, Kevin, 17

Keynes, John Maynard, 74, 76, 326–327

Kittlaus, Dag, 310–323

Kiva Systems, 97–98, 206

knowledge acquisition problem, 287

knowledge-based systems, 285

knowledge engineering, 113, 128

Knowledge Engineering Laboratory (Stanford), 133–134

Knowledge Navigator, 188, 300, 304, 305–310, 317, 318

Kodak, 83–84

Koller, Daphne, 265

Komisar, Randy, 341

Konolige, Kurt, 268–269

Kuffner, James, 43

Kurzweil, Ray, 84–85, 116, 119, 154, 208, 336

labor force, 65–94

    
aging of, 93–94, 327

    
autonomous cars and, 25, 61–62

    
Brooks on, 204–208

    
Brynjolfsson and McAfee on, 79–80, 82–83

    
cybernation revolution, 73–74

    
deskilling of, 80–82

    
economic change and, 77–79, 83–84

    
for elder care, 236–237, 245, 327–332

    
growth of, xv, 10, 80–81, 326–327

    
Industrial Perception robots and, 241–244, 269–270

    
lights-out factories and, 65–68,
66,
90, 104, 206

    
Moravec on, 122–123

    
recession of 2008 and, 77–78, 325

    
Rifkin on automation and, 76–77

    
Shockley on, 97

    
singularity hypothesis and, 9–10, 84–94

    
technological unemployment, 16–18, 76–77, 104, 211

    
technology and displacement of, 16–18

    
unions and, 325–326

    
Wiener on, 8, 68–76

Labor-Science-Education Association, 70, 73

Lamond, Pierre, 129–130

lane-keeping software, 49, 51

language and speech recognition.
see also
Siri (Apple)

    
chatbot technology, 221–225, 304

    
early neural network research, 146–148

    
Eliza, 14, 113, 172–174, 221