Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe (51 page)

CHAPTER 4
1. CSP, Venetian, 1556–7, 1341.
2. For this and following, D. Potter, ‘The duc de Guise and the fall of Calais, 1557–8’, English Historical Review, XCVIII (1983), 481–512.
3. Pimodan, La mère des Guises, 154.
4. A. de Ruble, La première jeunesse de Marie Stuart (Paris, 1891), 34.
5. John Guy, My Heart Is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (London:
Fourth Estate, 2004), 85–8.
6. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 187.
7. J. Bergin, ‘The decline and fall of the House of Guise as an ecclesiastical dynasty’, Historical Journal, XXV (1982), 781–803.
8. Musée Condé Chantilly, A, liasse 7, Reglement d’habillement, 1 Jul 1576.
9. J. Bonnet, Lettres de Jean Calvin, 2 vols. (Paris, 1854), 186.
10. C. Haton, Mémoires, L. Bourquin (ed.), 4 vols. (Paris: Editions du comité des
travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2001–7), I, 126.
11. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres,322–3.
12. Romier, Origines politiques, II, 265.
13. C. de L’Aubespine, ‘Histoire particulière de la cour de Henri II’, in Cimber and Danjou (eds.), Archives curieuses de l’histoire de France, 15 vols. (Paris, 1837), III, 287.
14. Baumgartner, Henry II, 220.
15. Romier, Origines politiques, II, 324.

CHAPTER 5
1. A. Desjardins (ed.), Négociations diplomatiques de la France avec la Toscane, 6
vols. (Paris, 1859–86), III, 404.
2. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 353.
3. Mémoires-journaux de François de Lorraine duc d’Aumale et de Guise, 450.
4. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 359.
5. Charles de Bourgeville, Sieur de Bras, Les Recherches et Antiquitez de la Prince de Neustrie (Caen, 1588), 166.
6. E. Durot, ‘Le crépuscule de l’Auld Alliance: la légitimé du pouvoir en question
entre Ecosse, France et Angleterre (1558–1561)’, Histoire, Economies, Société, 26 (2007), 15.
7. Durot, ‘Le crépuscule de l’Auld Alliance’, 10.
8. Ibid., 23.
9. Forneron, Les ducs de Guise, I, 237.
10. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 350.
11. For this and following: Mark Greengrass ‘Regicide, martyrs and monarchical
authority in France in the Wars of Religion’ in R. von Friedeburg, Murder and
Monarchy: Regicide in European History, 1300–1800 (Basingstoke: Palgrave,
2005).
12. N. Roelker, One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the religious
reformations of the sixteenth century (Berkeley: The University of California
Press), 221.
13. Ibid., 229.
14. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 370.
15. Forneron, Les ducs de Guise, I, 258.
16. Histoire ecclésiastique, I, 242.
17. Archivo Documental Espanol, Negociaciones con Francia (1559–1568), 11 vols.
(Madrid, 1950–1960), I, 106.
18. Roelker, One King, One Faith, 23.
19. Archivo Documental Espanol, Negociaciones con Francia, I, 150.
20. A. Jouanna, J. Boucher, D. Biloghi, and G. Le Thiec (eds.), Histoire et dictionnaire des guerres de religion (Paris: Laffont, 1998), 60.
21. H. Layard (ed.), ‘Despatches of Michele Suriano and Marc Antonio Barbaro,
Venetian ambassadors at the court of France, 1560–1563’,
The Publication of the Huguenot Society, 6
(1891), 17.
22. L. Romier, La conjuration d’Amboise (Paris: Perrin, 1923), 124.
23. Durot, ‘Le crépuscule de l’Auld Alliance’, 29.
24. Romier, La conjuration d’Amboise, 166.
25. S. Castro Shannon, ‘The political activity of François de Lorraine, duc de Guise
(1559–1563): From military hero to Catholic leader’, unpublished PhD thesis
(University of Boston, 1988), 175.
26. Jules de la Brosse, Histoire d’un capitaine Bourbonnais au XVIe siècle: Jacques de la Brosse, 1485(?)–1562 (Champion: Paris, 1929), 229.
27. Ibid., 180.
28. Durot, ‘Le crérpuscule de l’Auld Alliance’, 35.
29. For this and following, S. Carroll, Noble Power during the French Wars of
Religion: The Guise affinity and the Catholic cause in Normandy (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1998), 96–101.
30. Ibid., 104.
31. ‘Discours de Michel Soriano, Vénitien, touchant son ambassade de France’ in
M. Mennechet (ed.), Histoire de l’Estat de France tant de la république que de la religion sous le règne de François II par Régnier, sieur de la Planche (Paris, 1836), 391.
32. Ibid., 181.
33. Negociaciones con Francia, I, 228 ; Castro Shannon, ‘The political activity of François de Lorraine’, 197.
34. Tommaseo (ed.), Relations des ambassadeurs Vénitiens sur les affaires de France
au XVIe siècle, 2 vols. (Paris, 1838), II, 153.
35. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 420, 426, 431.
36. Negociaciones con Francia, I, 486.
37. A. Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969),
107.
38. Brantôme, IV, 228.
39. Layard (ed.), ‘Despatches of Michele Suriano and Marc Antonio Barbaro’, 8.

CHAPTER 6
1. CSPV, 1558–1580, 276.
2. M. Mennechet (ed.), Histoire de l’Estat de France, 208.
3. T. Wanegffelen, Ni Rome ni Genève: des fidèles entre deux chaires en France an XVIe siècle (Paris: Champion, 1997), 157.
4. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 48.
5. L. Taylor, Soldiers of Christ: Preaching in late medieval and Reformation France (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 223.
6. L. Taylor, ‘The good shepherd: François Le Picart (1504–1556) and preaching
reform from within’, Sixteenth Century Journal, XXVIII (1997), 799.
7. See below p.210.
8. For this and following: D Crouzet, La sagesse et le malheur: Michel de l’Ho
pital,
chancelier de France (Paris: Champ Vallon, 1998).
9. Haton, Mémoires, I, 76–7.
10. Michel de Castelnau, Mémoires, Michaud and Poujoulat (eds.), IX, 431. He
went on to become a celebrated Protestant captain and indefatigable foe of his former masters.
11. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 377.
12. L. Romier, Catholiques et Huguenots à la cour de Charles IX (Paris: Perrin, 1924), 99.
13. R. Knecht, Catherine de Medici (London: Longman, 1998), 80.
14. G. Griffiths, Representative Government in Western Europe in the Sixteenth-
Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), 135.
15. Castro Shannon, ‘Political Activity’, 227.
16. CSPF, 1560–1, 61.
17. F. Giese, Artus Desiré, Priest and Pamphleteer of the Sixteenth-Century (Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973), 184.
18. A. de Ruble, Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d’Albret, 4 vols. (Paris, 1881–6), III, 86.
19. CSPF, 1560–1, 281.
20. A. Kluckhohn, Briefe Friedrich des Frommen Kurfursten von der Pfalz mit
verwandten Schriftstücken, 2 vols. (Braunschweig, 1868–72), I, 187.
21. S. Carroll, ‘The Compromise of Charles Cardinal of Lorraine: New evidence,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History, LIV (2003), 476.
22. Archivo Documental Espanol, Negociaciones con Francia, II, 295.
23. E. Pasquier, Lettres Historiques pour les ann
ée
s 1556–1594, D. Thickett (ed.),
(Droz: Geneva, 1966), 65.
24. Ibid., 66.
25. D. Nugent, Ecumenism in the Age of the Reformation: The Colloquy of Poissy
(Harvard Mass: Harvard University Press), 73.
26. Ibid., 85.
27. Ibid., 100.
28. Ibid., 152.
29. A. Tallon, La France et le concile de Trente (Ecole Française de Rome: Rome,
1997), 333.
30. CSPF, 1561–2, 487.
31. A. Muntz, ‘Entrevue du duc Christophe de Wurtemberg avec les Guise à
Saverne’, Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, IV
(1856) 184–96.
32. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 446.
33. Carroll, ‘The Compromise’.
34. Tallon, La France et la Concile de Trente, 397ff.
35. Bouillé
, Histoire, II, 327–9.
36. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 508.
37. A. Tallon, ‘Le cardinal de Lorraine au concile de Trente’, in Bellanger (ed.), Mećeńat, 341.

CHAPTER 7
1. A. Jouanna, J. Boucher, D. Biloghi, and G. Le Thiec (eds.), Dictionnaire des guerres de religion, 107.
2. Roelker, One King, 269.
3. B. Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in sixteenth-century Paris (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 63.
4. A. Jouanna, J. Boucher, D. Biloghi, and G. Le Thiec (eds.), Dictionnaire des guerres de religion, 117.
5. François II de Clèves had succeeded his dead father, François I, as duke earlier
that year: both father and son shared similar religious beliefs.
6. A. Jouanna, J. Boucher, D. Biloghi, and G. Le Thiec (eds.), Dictionnaire des guerres de religion, 118.
7. Bouillé
, II, 284.
8. Coester, Schön wie Venus, 174.
9. Brantôme, IX, 442.
10. BN MS Dupuy 324, fo. 113v.
11. Montaigne, Essais, ‘De la Tristesse’ (I: 2).
12. BN MS fr 17302 ‘Proposition par escrit presentee au conseil du roy Charles IX’.
13. Forneron, Les ducs de Guise et leur époque, II, 22.
14. Full citations for this section are to be found in Carroll, Blood and Violence, Ch.12.
15. Seong-Hak Kim, Michel de L’Hôpital: The vision of a Reformist chancellor
during the French Religious Wars (Kirksville Mo: Truman State UP, 1997), 109.
16. Brantôme, IV, 277. Confirmed by Ambassador Chantonnay.
17. Kim, Michel de L’Hôpital, 144.
18. ‘Lettres anecdotes
écrites au cardinal Borromée par Prosper de Sainte-Croix’,
Cimber and Danjou (eds.), Archives Curieuses, VI, 145.
19. Boucher, La Conjonction des lettres, 64.
20. CSPF, 1564–5, 790.
21. Cuisiat (ed.),Lettres, 543.
22. Ibid., 555.
23. Ibid., 567.
24. Cuisiat (ed.), 573, 575.
25. Kim, Michel de L’Hôpital, 167.
26. CSPF [1568] 557.
27. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 619.

INTERLUDE
1. Forneron, Les ducs de Guise et leur
époque, II, 98.
2. M. Venard (ed.), Les mémoires d’un curé de Paris (1557–1590) au temps des
guerres de religion (Geneva: Droz, 2004), 100.
3. Brantôme, V, 248.
4. Brantôme, III, 371.
5. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 614.
6. Ibid., 611.
7. Brantôme, VII, 172.
8. For this and following: Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 614.
9. Bouillé
, II, 464.
10. Ibid., 466.

CHAPTER 8
1. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew and the European Conflict, 1559–1572
(London: Macmillan, 1973).
2. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 643.
3. ‘Relation des troubles exciteś par les calvinistes dans la ville de Rouen depuis l’an 1537 jusqu’en l’an 1582’, La revue de Rouen et de la Normande (Rouen, 1837).
4. A. Boltanski, Les ducs de Nevers et l’E
tat royal: genèse d’un compromis (ca
1550–ca 1600). (Geneva: Droz, 2006), 381.
5. Bouillé, II, 481.
6. Jules Gassot, Sommaire memorial (1555–1623), P. Champion (ed.) (Paris, 1934), 93–4.
7. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 625.
8. Bouillé
, II, 483.
9. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 628.
10. Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross, 1991), 156.
11. A Desjardins (ed.), Négotiations de la France avec la Toscane, 6 vols. (Paris,
1859–96), III, 743.
12. Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross, 157.
13. Desjardins (ed.), Négotiations de la France avec la Toscane, III, 784.
14. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 632.
15. Ibid., 636.
16. A. Jouanna, La Saint-Barthélemy: les mystères d’un crime d’état (Paris: Galli
mard, 2007), 86.
17. G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Penguin, 1985), 137–8.
18. E. de Noailles, Henri de Valois et la Pologne en 1572, 2 vols. (Paris, 1867) I, 8–9; 55–6.
19. Jouanna, La Saint-Barthélemy, 83.
20. Cuisiat (ed.), Lettres, 634.
21. Mémoires et Correspondance de Duplessis-Mornay, 12 vols. (Paris, 1824–5), II,
20–37.
22. BN MS Fr 3177, fo. 120–3. Thanks to David Potter for this reference.
23. Jouanna, La Saint-Barthélemy, 86.
24. D. Crouzet, La nuit de la Saint-Barthélemy: un rêve perdu de la Renaissance
(Paris: Fayard, 1994).
25. BN MS Fr 8182, fo. 321.
26. AN Minutier Central étude VIII 388, fo. 445.
27. Etienne Pasquier quoted in N. M. Sutherland, The Massacre of St Bartholomew and the European Conflict, 1559–1572 (MacMillan, 1973), 313.
28. J. Tedeschi, ‘Tomasso Sassetti’s account of the St. Bartholomew’s Massacre’ in A. Soman (ed.), The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew: Reappraisals and documents
(The Hague: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1975), 99–152.
29. Jouanna, La Saint-Barthélemy, 108.
30. AN Y 124, fo. 558, 14 Jun 1584.
31. Villemur is usually identified as canon Pierre de Piles, apparently the Duke of Guise’s former preceptor. The notarial archives, however, refer to the Sieur de Villemur as François de Pilla or Piles. It seems likely that they are one and the same person. Villemur was a pensioner of the Cardinal of Lorraine in 1560 and
charged with numerous diplomatic missions during this period. He is also
confused with Jean de Piles, a secretary of the Cardinal of Lorraine.
32. And not his nephew and heir apparent, François de Villiers, master of the ducal
household and the man who had let Maurevert into the house. BN Pièces Originales 595, nos. 15–19.
33. AN Minutier Central étude VIII 380, fo. 420.
34. La Boissière was married into the Raguier, the chief Protestant lineage in the Brie who were related to the Louviers. The civil war in the Brie was dominated by a
feud between the Raguier and the Foissy, also servants of the Guise.
35. Crouzet, La nuit de la Saint-Barthélemy, 400.
36. Bouillé
, II, 505.
37. Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross, 99.
38. R. Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483–1610 (Oxford:
Blackwell, 2001), 363.
39. Crouzet, La nuit de la Saint-Barthélemy, 33.
40. Ibid., 43.
41. La Motte-Fénelon, Correspondance diplomatique (Paris, 1838, 1840), VII, 322–3.
42. Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross, 210.
43. SP70/125 no. 3112 sep 1572.
44. ‘Mémoires de Jean de Mergey’, Michaud and Poujoulat (eds.), IX, 577. Mergey’s
account is confused and I have altered his story slightly, especially since he mentions la Rochefoucauld, who had been lieutenant of the Duke of Lorraine in 1550s.
45. Nicolas Pithou, Chronique de Troyes et de la Champagne (1525–1594), 2 vols.
(Reims: Presses Universitaires de Reims, 2000), II, 692.
46. Sentiments shared by the Cardinal of Lorraine in Rome who was overjoyed at
the news and thanked divine Providence.