Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (180 page)

Dawes Plan, 147

Dawson, Geoffrey, 356

Day-Lewis, Cecil, 336

Dayan, General Moshe, 485, 492

De Gaulle, General Charles, 27, 192, 507, 577, 587, 589, 590, 611, 633, 663; and Free French, 365; and Algeria, 501–3, 504, 505; seizure of power, 502; President of Fifth Republic, 502, 593–600; intellectualism, 593, 597; theory of state, 594–5; transformation of France, 596–7; meeting with Adenauer, 598; antipathy to Britain, 598–600; and European Community, 765

Dean, Sir Patrick, 430

Déat, Marcel, 147

Death’s Head Units, 287

Debs, Eugene, 17, 34, 216

decolonization, 495–505, 506–43; constitutional complexities, 508; federation, 509–10; professional politicians and, 510–11, 514–15, 517, 543; reversal of material progress, 540–1;
see also
self-determination

Defence of the Realm Act (1914), 16

DeGolyer, Everett, 480

Deir Yassin massacre, 486

Dekanozov, Vladimir, 411

Delhi, 161

Delors, Jacques, 764

‘democratic centralism’, 77, 81

Democratic Party, American, 214, 251, 254, 259, 344, 460, 644, 649, 651

Denikin, General Anton I., 73, 76, 77

Denison, E.F., 641

Denmark, 604, 605

Denning, Lord, 602

Denny, Harold, 307

Desai, Morarji, 568, 570, 571

Detroit, 211; black riots, 646

Deutsch, Julius, 323

Deutscher, Isaac, 263, 271

Devonshire Declaration (1923), 159

Dewey, John, 17, 208, 228

Dez irrigation project, 712

DGB
(Deutschergewerkschaftsbund)
, 584

Diaghilev, Sergei, 8, 9

Diagne, Blaise, 150

Diaz, José, 333

Dicey, A.V., 601

Dickinson, G. Lowes, 170

Diederichs, Eugen, 119

Dien Bien Phu, 590, 632

Dietz, Howard, 227

Dimitrov, Georgi, 323, 448

Dinter, Artur, 120

dissent, Russian treatment of, 680–3

Dix, Otto, 114

Djilas, Milovan, 81, 448

DNA research, 778–9

Döblin, Alfred, 117

Doi, General Akin, 316

Dollfuss, Engelbert, 322

Donovan, William, 437

Dornberger, Walter, 405

Dos Passos, John, 226, 252, 337

Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 56, 86, 689

Douglas, Jack, 250

Douglas, Paul, 252

Douhet, Giulio, 349

Dreiser, Theodore, 226, 252

Dresden, 112; destruction of, 404–5

Drieu la Rochelle, Pierre, 19

drug abuse, in America, 752, 782

Drumont, Edouard, 144

‘Dual Mandate’, 155, 513

Dubcek, Alexander, 676

Dubnow, Simon, 128

DuBois, Joseph, 422

Dühring, Eugen, 120

Dulles, John Foster, 27, 36, 462, 463, 464, 624

Dunkirk, 366

Dupuy, Maurice, 499

Duranty, Walter, 307

Dutch East Indies, 391, 395, 478

Dvorak, Max, 114

Dyadkin, Iosif, 272

Dyer, General Reginald, 45–7

Dyson, Sir Frank, 2

Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 67, 68, 69

East Asia, market forces in, 729–30, 733;
see also individual countries

‘East Asian League’, 187

East Fulham by-election (1933), 350

East-West division, 111

Eastern Europe, 757–8, 759–63

Easterners, German, 111–12, 114, 115, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125–7, 135, 144, 280

Eban, Abba, 486

Ebert, Friedrich, 110, 123, 124

Echeverria, Luís, 747

Eckart, Dietrich, 284

Eckhart, Dieter, 119

economic crisis (1930s), 230–60; credit-inflation, 233, 236–8, 240, 244; currency control, 233, 235–8; foreign loans, 233–4; Great Crash, 231, 240–1, 243–54; inflation, 233, 234, 236–8; interventionism, 234–5, 244, 245–7, 251, 254–7; investment-trusting, 239; managed currency, 235, 237; margin-trading, 231, 239; planning, 248–9, 251, 254–7; recovery, 254—7; stabilization, 234, 235, 236–7; stock-eschange speculation, 231, 234, 239, 240; tariffs, 232, 234

‘Economic Rights and Duties of States, UN Charter of (1974), 691

‘Ectopia’, 661

Eddington, Sir Arthur, 2, 3, 5, 699

Eddy, Sherwood, 260

Eden, Anthony, 297, 346, 351, 386, 421, 431, 489; and Suez crisis, 490–3

Edison, Thomas, 220, 259

education: America, 225, 247, 641–5; Britain, 642; China, 552, 556, 562; France, 142, 143, 596; East Asia, 733

Egypt, 44, 154, 475; hostility to Israel, 487; and Suez crisis, 490–5; racism, 526; Israeli war against, 666, 684; Yom Kippur War, 668; peace with Israel, 708, 709; murder of Sadat, 710; and Gulf War, 772

Ehrenburg, Ilya,
65
_,
421

Eichmann, Adolf, 288, 414, 416

Einsatzgruppen
, 380, 382, 414

Einstein, Albert, 10, 306, 407; and relativity, 1–5, 11, 406, 453; and scientific proof, 2–3, 6

Einstein, Carl, 114

‘Eisenach Resolution’ (1919), 127

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 219, 250, 436, 451, 599, 614, 624, 645, 650, 652; and Korean War, 460–1, 463; style of presidency, 461–4; aim to avoid war, 463; and civilian control of military, 463–4; economic policy, 464, 613, 629, 640; and Suez, 490, 493, 494, 689; misjudgment over Vietnam, 632–3; media misrepresentation, 647

Eisenstein, Sergei, 453

Eisner, Kurt, 94, 95, 96, 108, 122

El Glawi, Pasha of Marrakesh, 150

electronics, 780–1

Eliot, T.S., 9, 10, 306

Ellis, Havelock, 6

Emergency Banking Act (US, 1934), 254, 255

Emergency Decree (Germany, 1933), 285

Emergency Relief and Construction Act (US, 1932), 245

Employment Acts (1980, 1982), 603

Employment Protection Acts (1975, 1979), 602

Enabling Act (Germany, 1933), 285, 346 energy crisis, 665, 667–71; ‘enabling state’, 746

energy crisis, 665, 667–71

Engels, Friedrich, 55, 213, 270

English Church Census, 704

Enigma coding system, 386, 399, 400

environment protection, 661–2, 697, 774–5

Equal Opportunities Act (US, 1964), 639

Equatorial Guinea, 531, 541

Erhard, Ludwig, 583, 585

Erlander, Tage, 604

Espionage Act (US, 1917), 17, 204

Estonia, 361, 765

Ethiopia (Abyssinia), 154, 320–1, 351, 539, 542, 685, 709, 727

ethnic minorities, 713

Etudiants d’Action Française
, 146

Eurodollar, 663–4, 670

European (Economic) Community, 243, 587, 590, 591, 598, 599–600, 727, 763–5

Evans, Hiram Wesley, 204

Evatt, H.V., 466

Evian Agreements, 504

evolution, 777–8

Existentialism, 575, 576–7, 687

Explorer 1, 629

Expressionism, 8, 9, 114, 119

extermination policies, 71, 92–3, 130, 133, 261, 266, 270–1, 287, 304, 382, 384, 413–22, 430–1, 462, 482, 499–500, 536, 537

Fadaev, Aleksandr, 453

Fadiman, Clifton, 252

Faisceau, Le
, 146

Falange, 327, 331, 334

Falashas, 709

Falkland Islands, 750–1

Fall, Albert, 33, 215, 217

family, 581, 731; ‘one-parent’, 781–2

Fanon, Franz, 687

Farben, LG., 294, 414, 416, 417, 422

farming,
see
agriculture

Farouk, King of Egypt, 487, 488

Fascism, 56–8, 146–7, 306; anti-Communist, 102, 277; collapse of, 579; debt to Leninism, 56–8; expansion of, 98, 100–2; mixture of myth and violence, 96–7, 98–9; Mussolini’s adoption of, 95–6, 97, 101–2, 243; Nazi debt to, 319; nebulous nature, 101–2; totalitarianism, 101, 277, 578

Fashoda, 154

Faubus, Governor Orval, 645

Faulkner, William, 226

Fauves, 8

Federal Reserve Bank, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239, 255

federation, 509–10, 513–14; West German, 581–2

Feel, Captain Adolf, Jr, 429

Feng Yu-hsiang, Marshal, 195, 201

Feraoun, Mouloud, 504

Fermi, Enrico, 407, 424

Fernandez, George, 570

Ferry, Jules, 152, 154

Feuchtwanger, Lion, 117, 306, 307

Field, Sir Frederick, 310

‘Fifth Column’, 334

Fiji, 736

‘Final Solution’, 130, 133, 382, 413–22, 482

Finland, 105, 361, 365, 373

Firestone, Harvey, 220

First Agricultural Adjustment Act (US, 1933), 255

First World War, 9, 11–26, 43–4, 58–62, 72–3, 104–10, 126, 162–3, 342

Fischer, Fritz, 106

Fisher, H.A.L., 74

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 215, 222, 226

Fiume, 95

‘Five Particulars’ (Wilson), 23–4

Five Year Plans, 260, 273

Flandin, Pierre-Etienne, 592

Flex, Walter, 19

Flick, Friedrich, 422

FLN (Front de Liberation Nationale), 496, 497–503

Foch, Marshal, 26, 32, 74

Foot, Michael, 350

‘For the Protection of the German People’ decree (1933), 284

Forbes, Charles, 217

Ford, President Gerald, 640, 654, 670, 672

Ford, Henry, 220

Fordney-MacCumber Tariff Act (1922), 232

Foreign Minister’s Conference (Moscow, 1945), 437

Foreign Trade and’Investment Act (US, 1971), 694

Formosa (Taiwan), 187, 446, 448

Forrestal, James, 437, 441, 481, 485

Forster, E.M., 167, 169, 170

Fortas, Abe, 257

Foster, William Z., 252, 260

‘Four Principles’ (Wilson), 23—4

Four Year Plan (German), 291, 294

‘Fourteen Points’ (Wilson), 23–4, 27, 105

Fowler, Henry, 257, 637

France: war corporatism, 16; post-war (1918) swing to Left, 18; and self-determination, 20–1; scepticism over League, 32; inflation, 35; war-debts, 35; and reparations, 36, 139; occupies, Ruhr, 139; failing alliance with Britain, 138–9, 147, 148, 351–2; fear of German military revival, 138–9; post-war weakness, 140–2; population decrease, 140, 141; inflation, 141, 142; economy, 141–2, 309; as home of civilization, 142–3; intellectual life, 142–3, 575–7, 694–5; battle over culture, 143–4, 145; nationalism, 144–7; patriotism, 144; anti-Semitism, 144, 346, 576; defensive policy, 147–8, 345–6, 563; colonialism, 148–51, 154, 495, 501; forced disarmament, 346; France
(contd)
collapse after German attack, 363–4; drift into Nazi camp, 365–6, 587; and Suez, 491–5; decolonization, 495–505, 507; Fourth Republic recovery, 587, 589–93, 596; constitution, 589–90; technocratic revolution, 590; economy, 590–3, 595–7; and EEC, 590–1, 598, 600; ‘indicative planning’, 591–2; xenophobia, 592; need for strong state, 594–5; Fifth Republic constitution, 595; ‘renewal’, 595–8; accord with Germany, 598; antipathy to Britain, 598–600; and Indo-China, 631, 633; in 1980s, 745; and Gulf War, 771
see also
Vichy Government

France, Anatole, 146

Franco, General Francisco, 323–4, 329, 330– 2, 334, 335, 338–9, 366, 608, 608–9

Frank, Bruno, 117, 306

Frank, Hans, 284, 289, 321

Frank, Waldo, 207, 260

Frankfurt, 112

Frankfurter, Felix, 257, 259

Frazer, Sir James, 7

Free French, 365

Freeman, Joseph, 260

Freikorps, 124, 125

Freisler, Roland, 290, 412

French Resistance, 588

Freud, Sigmund, 5–10, 12, 48, 96, 353

Frick, Wilhelm, 283, 290, 297, 298

Friml, Rudolph, 227

Frisch, Otto, 407

Fritsch, Theodor, 119

Fritsch, Baron Werner von, 352

Frunze, M.V., 265

Fry, Roger, 168

Fuchs, Klaus, 458

Führerprinzip, 279

Fulbright, William, 257, 634

Fuller, General, J.F.C., 349

Fuller, R. Buckminster, 4

Fulton, Churchill speech at (1946), 437, 438

Funk, Walther, 284, 291

Fushun, 201

Futurists, 8, 9, 96, 97

Gabon, 507, 514, 517, 531

Gadafy, Colonel Muammar, 532, 534, 538, 667, 688, 707, 742, 752

Gagarin, Yuri, 629

Galbraith, J.K., 240, 613

Galen, Bishop Count, 413

Galicia, 37, 39

Galileo, 1, 5

Gambia, 509

Gamelin, General Maurice, 354, 363, 364, 365

Gandhi, Indira, 568–71, 715

Gandhi, Mahatma, 42, 470–2, 474; passive resistance, 44, 45, 149

Gandhi, Rajiv, 715

Gandhi, Sanjay, 570

Garment, Leonard, 690

Garvín, J.L., 162

gas chambers, 415

Gasperi, Alcide de, 577–9

Gauleiters, 290

Gemlin, Otto, 118

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 764

General Electric, 402, 660

General Motors, 238

General Strike (1926), 164, 165

genetics, 778–80

Geneva Accords (1954), 632, 633

Genoa Conference (1922), 235

genocide, 71, 304, 382, 384, 413–22, 430–1, 482, 499–500, 536, 537

Genyosha secret society, 183

Georgia (USSR), 765

Gerhardsen, Einar, 604

German Workers’ Party (later National Socialist Party, q.v.), 133

Germany: wartime expansion of role of state, 15–16; war socialism, 16, 89–90, 277, 401; youth movements, 18; peace settlement, 23–8, 105–6, 108; ‘war guilt’, 24, 106–8; reparations, 36, 134, 139; military assistance to Bolsheviks, 76; Marxist risings, 94–5; last months and defeat in First World War, 104–8; a republic, 104, 105, 109; territorial losses, 106; pre-war aggressive policy, 106–7; ‘stab in the back’ myth, 108–9, 111, 126, 342; Weimar constitution, 109–11, 123, 127, 281; divided parliament, 110–11; East-West division, 111–12, 114, 115, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125–8, 133, 135, 144, 280; cultural life, 112–17; anti-Semitism, 116–22, 127, 128, 133, 278, 292–3, 319, 342–3; totalitarian drift, 122–3, 126–7, 278–80; abortive Left risings, 123–4; army
putsch, 124, 125; growth of political
violence, 125, 127; politicizing of academic life, 125–6; nationalism, 126–7, 130–1; student violence, 127; currency collapse, 134–5, 141; economic recovery, 136; revival as superpower, 139–40; rise of Nazis, 278–85; increasing violence, 278–9, 282; Weimar economy, 280–1; end of Weimar Republic, 283; creation of totalitarian state as Third Reich, 284–91, 295–6; as police state, 286–90; terror regime, 286–90, 296–9; lawlessness, 289-90; internal battles, 290–1, 292; inconsistent policies, 292–4; big business, 293–4; economy, 294–5; rearmament, 294, 297, 312, 341, 346, 351, 352, 357, 400; persecution of intelligentsia, 305–6; and Spanish civil war, 329; progress to war, 341–6, 351–62; alliances, 352, 358–62; Germany
(contd)
seizure of Austria and Czechoslovakia, 352–5; lack of popular will for war, 356; and Second World War, 362–4, 372–82, 386, 399–401, 403–7, 409–22; invasion of Russia, 372–80, 382; mass-bombing of, 403–5; V1, V2 offensive, 405–6; extermination of Jews, 413–22; retribution problem, 422; Social Democrats, 745; reunification, 763