Mourning Lincoln (64 page)

34
.
colored:
Douglass, “Abraham Lincoln, a Speech,” late December 1865, Douglass Papers, available at LC, hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mfd.22015;
thought back:
George P. Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
, 18 vols.; supplement ser. 1, 12 vols.; supplement ser. 2, 10 vols. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1972–79):
wouldn’t miss:
vol. 7:114;
can’t describe:
suppl. 2, vol. 4, part 3:1271;
fears:
suppl. 1, vol. 8, part 3:1345;
vowing:
suppl. 1, vol. 1:257.

35
.
Lincoln lived:
Rawick,
American Slave:
hurt:
suppl. 1, vol. 1:257;
lots:
vol. 16, part 4:72;
easier:
suppl. 2, vol. 5, part 4:1874;
work:
vol. 7:44;
murdered:
vol. 8:113.

1
.
index:
Amos A. Lawrence diary, vol. 8, MHS;
cross-outs, rewordings:
Anna Cabot Lowell diaries, MHS, vols. 195–97.

2
.
heard, funeral:
William M. Beauchamp diary, Apr. 15, 19, 1865, Beauchamp Papers, NYSL.

On sentimentality in Civil War–era writings, Drew Glipin Faust writes, “The predominant response to the unexpected carnage was in fact a resolute sentimentality that verged at times on pathos”; see
This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), 194. James M. McPherson writes, “What seems like bathos or platitudes to us were real pathos and convictions for them”; see
What They Fought For, 1861–1865
(1994; reprint, New York: Doubleday, 1995), 13.

3
. Flora M. Gardner to Ernest Cushing Richardson, Evanston, Ill., Oct. 27, 1936, administrative file, Orloff M. Dorman Papers, LC; the Library of Congress commented that “the work has doubtful value. … It is worth preserving here but belongs far down on the lower shelf” (Thomas P. Martin to “Dr. Jameson,” Washington, D.C., July 20, 1937).
“The Ruins of Jacksonville, (Fla.),”
National Intelligencer
, Apr. 27, 1863. Because the collection was named for Orloff Dorman, scholars have reasonably taken him to be the diarist; see Richard A. Martin and Daniel L. Schafer,
Jacksonville’s Ordeal by Fire: A Civil War History
(Jacksonville: Florida Publishing, 1984), and Schafer,
Thunder on the River: The Civil War in Northeast Florida
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010). For Dorman’s claim, see “Statement and Schedule of Losses” and “Schedule of property of Rodney Dorman at Jacksonville Florida stolen & destroyed & burned by the enemy in March 1863,” July 3, 1863, Rodney Dorman, Citizens File, Confederate Papers Relating to Citizens or Business Firms, RG109-NARA, available at Fold3.com.

The secondary sources on the Civil War era, Lincoln’s assassination, and related topics are voluminous. The sources here represent a sampling of recent and influential works.

For
Republican Party ideology,
see the classic and enduring Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
(1970; reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). On
abolitionism,
see Manisha Sinha,
The Slave’s Cause: Abolition and the Origins of American Democracy
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015); David Brion Davis,
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Emancipation
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014); Andrew Delbanco,
The Abolitionist Imagination
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012), including responses by John Stauffer, Manisha Sinha, Darryl Pinckney, and Wilfred M. McClay; Stephen Kantrowitz,
More Than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829–1889
(New York: Penguin, 2012); Seymour Drescher,
Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Julie Roy Jeffrey,
Abolitionists Remember: Antislavery Autobiographies and the Unfinished Work of Emancipation
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); Steven Mintz and John Stauffer, eds.,
The Problem of Evil: Slavery, Freedom, and the Ambiguities of American Reform
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007); Manisha Sinha, “Coming of Age: The Historiography of Black Abolitionism,” in
Prophets of Protest: Reconsidering the History of American Abolitionism
, ed. Timothy Patrick McCarthy and John Stauffer (New York: New Press, 2006), 23–38; John Stauffer,
The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002); Victor B. Howard,
Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990); James Brewer Stewart,
Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery
(1976; reprint, New York: Hill and Wang, 1997); James M. McPherson,
The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP
(1975; reprint, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); and James M. McPherson,
The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(1964; reprint, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992). On
the song “John Brown’s Body,”
see
John Stauffer and Benjamin Soskis,
The Battle Hymn of the Republic: A Biography of the Song That Marches On
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); Franny Nudelman,
John Brown’s Body: Slavery, Violence, and the Culture of War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); and Boyd B. Stutler, “John Brown’s Body,”
Civil War History
4 (1958), 251–60. On
proslavery ideology,
see Lacy K. Ford,
Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); and Manisha Sinha,
The Counter-Revolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). On the idea of slaves as incapable of rebellion, see Michel-Rolph Trouillot, “An Unthinkable History,” in Trouillot,
Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1995), 70–107. On
the toll of slavery,
see Jim Downs,
Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Kidada E. Williams,
They Left Great Marks on Me: African American Testimonies of Racial Violence from Emancipation to World War I
(New York: New York University Press, 2012); and Nell Irvin Painter, “Soul Murder and Slavery: Toward a Fully Loaded Cost Accounting,” in
U.S. History as Women’s History: New Feminist Essays
, ed. Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, and Kathryn Kish Sklar (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 15–39. On
dissemblance,
see James C. Scott,
Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); and Darlene Clark Hine, “Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West,”
Signs
14 (1989), 912–20. On
the coming of the Civil War,
see James Oakes,
The Scorpion’s Sting: Antislavery and the Coming of the Civil War
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2014); Michael E. Woods, “What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature,”
Journal of American History
99 (2012), 415–39; Adam Goodheart,
1861: The Civil War Awakening
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011); Elizabeth R. Varon,
Disunion! The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); and Charles B. Dew,
Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001).

On
Lincoln and slavery,
see especially Eric Foner,
The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2010). And see John Burt,
Lincoln’s Tragic Pragmatism: Lincoln, Douglas, and Moral Conflict
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013); Brian R. Dirck,
Abraham Lincoln and White America
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012); Henry Louis Gates Jr., ed.,
Lincoln on Race and Slavery
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009); James Oliver Horton, “Naturally Anti-Slavery: Lincoln, Race, and the Complexity of American Liberty,” in
The Best American History Essays on Lincoln
, ed. Sean Wilentz (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); George M. Fredrickson,
Big Enough to Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery and Race
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008); Manisha Sinha, “Allies for Emancipation? Lincoln and Black Abolitionists,” in
Our Lincoln: New
Perspectives on Lincoln and His World
, ed. Eric Foner (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 167–96; James Oakes,
The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2007); Lerone Bennett Jr.,
Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln’s White Dream
(1999; reprint, Chicago: Johnson, 2007); James M. McPherson,
Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); and Benjamin Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). On
Lincoln and civil liberties,
see William A. Blair,
With Malice toward Some: Treason and Loyalty in the Civil War Era
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014); John Fabian Witt,
Lincoln’s Code: The Laws of War in American History
(New York: Free Press, 2012); Mark E. Neely Jr.,
Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); and Mark E. Neely Jr.,
The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
Lincoln’s second inaugural address
is treated in works on Lincoln and slavery (see above) and Lincoln biographies (see below); I have found none that interpret Lincoln’s ideas about malice and charity as pertaining to African Americans rather than Confederates. On the speech, see especially Ronald C. White Jr.,
Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002); Mark A. Noll,
America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). And see James Tackach,
Lincoln’s Moral Vision: The Second Inaugural Address
(Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2002); Nicholas Parrillo, “Lincoln’s Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War,”
Civil War History
46 (2000), 227–53; Allen C. Guelzo,
Abraham Lincoln, Redeemer President
(Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1999); Garry Wills, “Lincoln’s Greatest Speech,”
Atlantic
, September 1, 1999, available at theatlantic.com; and Ronald C. White Jr., “Lincoln’s Sermon on the Mount: The Second Inaugural,” in
Religion and the American Civil War
, ed. Randall M. Miller et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 208–25. See also Richard Carwardine, “Lincoln’s Religion,” in
Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World
, ed. Eric Foner (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 223–48; and Glen E. Thurow, “Abraham Lincoln and American Political Religion,” in
The Historian’s Lincoln: Pseudohistory, Psychohistory, and History
, ed. Gabor S. Boritt (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 125–43. On
Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction,
see William C. Harris,
With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997); and LaWanda Cox,
Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981).

On
the Civil War era,
see Bruce Levine,
The Fall of the House of Dixie: The Civil War and the Social Revolution That Transformed the South
(New York: Random House, 2013); Allen C. Guelzo,
Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Gary W. Gallagher,
The Union War
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011); Harry S. Stout,
Upon the Altar of the
Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War
(New York: Viking Penguin, 2006); Gary W. Gallagher,
The Confederate War
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997); James M. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); James M. McPherson,
Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982); James M. McPherson,
The Negro’s Civil War: How American Blacks Felt and Acted during the War for the Union
(1965; reprint, New York: Random House, 2008); and Benjamin Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War
(1953; reprint, New York: Da Capo, 1989). See also E. B. Long and Barbara Long,
The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865
(New York: Doubleday, 1971). On
Civil War soldiers,
see William A. Dobak,
Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867
(Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 2011); Thomas J. Ward Jr., “Enemy Combatants: Black Soldiers in Confederate Prisons,”
Army History
78 (Winter 2011), 32–41; Chandra Manning,
What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007); Martin H. Blatt et al., eds.,
Hope and Glory: Essays on the Legacy of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001); William C. Davis,
Lincoln’s Men: How President Lincoln Became Father to an Army and a Nation
(New York: Free Press, 1999); James M. McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); James M. McPherson,
What They Fought For, 1861–1865
(1994; reprint, New York: Doubleday, 1995); Joseph T. Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers
(New York: Free Press, 1990); Ira Berlin et al., eds.,
The Black Military Experience
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Dudley Taylor Cornish,
The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865
(1956; reprint, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987); Bell Irvin Wiley,
The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union
(1952; reprint, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008); and Bell Irvin Wiley,
The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy
(1943; reprint, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008). On
combat stress,
see Diane Miller Sommerville, “‘A Burden Too Heavy to Bear’: War Trauma, Suicide, and Confederate Soldiers,”
Civil War History
59 (2013), 453–91; Diane Miller Sommerville, “‘Will They Ever Be Able to Forget?’ Confederate Soldiers in the Defeated South,” in
Weirding the War: Stories from the Civil War’s Ragged Edges
, ed. Stephen Berry (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 321–39; Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “Honor Chastened,” in Brown,
The Shaping of Southern Culture: Honor, Grace, and War, 1760s–1890s
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 255–69; Eric T. Dean Jr.,
Shook over Hell: Post-Traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil War
(Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1997); and Drew Gilpin Faust, “Christian Soldiers: The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army,” in Faust,
Southern Stories: Slaveholders in Peace and War
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 88–109. On
Washington, D.C., during the Civil War era,
see Kate Masur,
An Example for All the Land: Emancipation and the Struggle over Equality in Washington, D.C
. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012); and Robert Harrison,
Washington during Civil War and Reconstruction: Race and Radicalism
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011). On
religion and the
Civil War,
see Timothy L. Wesley,
The Politics of Faith during the Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013); Sean A. Scott,
A Visitation of God: Northern Civilians Interpret the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); George C. Rable,
God’s Almost Chosen Peoples: A Religious History of the American Civil War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010); Nicholas Guyatt,
Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607–1876
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Mark A. Noll,
The Civil War as a Theological Crisis
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006); Gary Dorrien,
The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805–1900
(Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001); and Steven E. Woodworth,
While God Is Marching On: The Religious World of Civil War Soldiers
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001). On
civil religion,
see Robert N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,”
Daedalus
96 (Winter 1967), 1–21. On
women and the Civil War,
see Stephanie McCurry,
Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010); Thavolia Glymph,
Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Nina Silber,
Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005); and Drew Gilpin Faust,
Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). On
nonslaveholding white southerners,
see Stephanie McCurry,
Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010); Samuel C. Hyde Jr., “Plain Folk Reconsidered: Historiographical Ambiguity in Search of Definition,”
Journal of Southern History
71 (2005), 803–30; Adam Rothman, “The ‘Slave Power’ in the United States, 1783–1865,” in
Ruling America: A History of Wealth and Power in a Democracy
, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), 64–91; Stephanie McCurry,
Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Charles C. Bolton,
Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi
(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1994); Daniel W. Crofts,
Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989); Steven Hahn,
The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); and Eugene D. Genovese, “Yeoman Farmers in a Slaveholders’ Democracy,”
Agricultural History
49 (1975), 331–42. On
Herrenvolk democracy,
see George M. Fredrickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914
(New York: Harper and Row, 1971). On
emancipation,
see James Oakes,
Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2013); Louis P. Masur,
Lincoln’s Hundred Days: The Emancipation Proclamation and the War for the Union
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012); Steven Hahn,
The Political Worlds of Slavery and Freedom
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009); Edna Greene Medford,
“Imagined Promises, Bitter Realities: African Americans and the Meaning of the Emancipation Proclamation,” in
The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views
, ed. Harold Holzer et al. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 1–47; Allen C. Guelzo,
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004); and Ira Berlin et al.,
Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992). On
the Copperheads,
see Jennifer L. Weber, “Lincoln’s Critics: The Copperheads,”
Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association
32 (Winter 2011), 33–47; and Jennifer L. Weber,
Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). See also Sidney Blumenthal, “Romanticizing the Villains of the Civil War,”
Atlantic
, July 22, 2013, available at theatlantic.com. On
colonization,
see Eric Foner, “Lincoln and Colonization,” in
Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World
, ed. Foner (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 135–66; Eric Burin,
Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005); Claude A. Clegg III,
The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); and Bruce Dorsey,
Reforming Men and Women: Gender in the Antebellum City
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002). On
Great Britain during the Civil War,
see Amanda Foreman,
A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War
(New York: Random House, 2010); and J. R. Pole,
Abraham Lincoln and the Working Classes of Britain
(London: English Speaking Union, 1912).