Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams (33 page)

28.
Innokentii,
Slovo pri pogrebenii
, 22.

Chapter 5: “THERE IS NOTHING NATIONAL ABOUT ODESSA”

1.
Zipperstein,
Jews of Odessa
, 35.

2.
Herlihy,
Odessa
, 124; Reuilly,
Travels in the Crimea
, in
Collection of Modern and Contemporary Voyages
, 5: 82.

3.
Frederick William Skinner, “Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization,” in Hamm, ed.,
City in Late Imperial Russia
, 214.

4.
John Ralli to State, July 12, 1856, NARA, M459, Reel 1.

5.
Hommaire de Hell,
Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea
, 13.

6.
Mendele Moykher-Sforim,
Selected Works
, 298.

7.
Vsevolozhskii,
Puteshestvie cherez iuzhnuiu Rossiiu
, 1: 92.

8.
La Fite de Pellepore,
La Russie historique
, 2: 299.

9.
Polishchuk,
Evrei Odessy i Novorossii
, 22.

10.
Tarnopol,
Notices historiques
, 65.

11.
Zipperstein,
Jews of Odessa
, 56–64. My treatment of Jewish enlightenment and the role of the
maskilim
in the city’s history relies on Zipperstein’s pathbreaking work.

12.
Jesse,
Notes of a Half-Pay
, 1: 225.

13.
Hagemeister,
Report on the Commerce of the Ports of New Russia
, 74.

14.
Tarnopol,
Notices historiques
, 74.

15.
Guthrie,
Tour, Performed in the Years 1795–6
, 6.

16.
Herlihy,
Odessa
, 124.

17.
Guthrie,
Through Russia
, 1: 284.

18.
Hommaire de Hell,
Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea
, 7; Wikoff,
Reminiscences of an Idler
, 231; Koch,
Crimea and Odessa
, 256; Oliphant,
Russian Shores of the Black Sea
, 234; Olenin,
Vek
, 9; Stephens,
Incidents of Travel
, 56.

19.
Jesse,
Notes of a Half-Pay
, 1: 211.

20.
Spencer,
Turkey, Russia, the Black Sea, and Circassia
, 242.

21.
“Le duc de Richelieu à M-r Sicard,”
SIRIO
54 (1886): 537.

22.
Puryear, “Odessa: Its Rise and International Importance, 1815–50,” 195–96.

23.
Harvey, “Development of Russian Commerce,” 101.

24.
John Ralli to State, Apr. 1, 1845, Jan. 1, 1848, and Jan. 1. 1849, NARA, M459, Roll 1.

25.
Puryear, “Odessa: Its Rise and International Importance, 1815–50,” 206–7; John Ralli to State, Jan. 1, 1849, NARA, M459, Roll 1.

26.
Harvey, “Development of Russian Commerce,” 104.

27.
Jesse,
Notes of a Half-Pay
, 1: 177.

28.
Gadsby,
Trip to Sebastopol
, 37.

29.
Brooks,
Russians of the South
, 21.

30.
Jesse,
Notes of a Half-Pay
, 1: 204.

31.
Vsevolozhskii,
Puteshestvie cherez iuzhnuiu Rossiiu
, 1: 100.

32.
Smol’ianinov,
Istoriia Odessy
, 101.

33.
Herlihy, “Odessa: Staple Trade,” 189–91.

34.
Vorontsov, “Mémoires du prince M. Woronzow, 1819–1833,” 101.

35.
Castelnau,
Essai sur l’histoire ancienne
, 3: 36.

36.
Lyall,
Travels in Russia
, 1: 169.

37.
Herlihy,
Odessa
, 237.

38.
Anderson,
Naval Wars
, 577–80.

39.
John Ralli to State, Mar. 1, 1854, and Apr. 1, 1854, NARA, M459, Roll 1.

40.
John Ralli to State, Oct. 18, 1855, NARA, M459, Roll 1.

41.
Gadsby,
Trip to Sebastopol
, 61; Cunynghame,
Travels in the Eastern Caucasus
, 87. One of the
Tiger
guns can still be seen near the Pushkin statue on Primorsky Boulevard, while the base of the Richelieu statue contains a cannonball allegedly fired during the Allied bombardment.

42.
John Ralli to State, Apr. 4 and 7, 1856, NARA, M459, Roll 1.

43.
Gadsby,
Trip to Sebastopol
, 61.

44.
Harvey, “Development of Russian Commerce,” 147.

45.
Harvey, “Development of Russian Commerce,” 185.

46.
I am grateful to Patricia Herlihy, whose research published in her
Odessa
and elsewhere established Odessa’s relative economic decline after Crimean War.

47.
Stephen Ralli to State, Dec. 28, 1859/Jan. 9, 1860, NARA, M459, Roll 2.

48.
Fal’kner,
Samoubiistva v Odesse
, 8–10, 16, 22.

49.
Shuvalov,
“Predany vechnomu zabven’iu,”
7–10.

50.
Kohl,
Russia
, 419.

Chapter 6: SCHEMES AND SHADOWS

1.
Trotsky,
My Life
, 48.

2.
Trotsky,
My Life
, 58, 95.

3.
Trotsky,
My Life
, 72.

4.
See Adler,
Life on the Stage
.

5.
Castelnau,
Essai sur l’histoire ancienne
, 3: 28.

6.
Langeron, “Soobrazheniia gr. Lanzherona o neobkhodimosti obshirnyia prostranstva generalgubernatorstv: Pis’mo grafa Lanzherona k imperatoru Nikolaiu I,”
Russkaia starina
(Jan.–March 1904), 228, quoted in Tanny, “City of Rogues and Schnorrers,” 122.

7.
Skinner, “Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization,” in Hamm, ed.,
City in Late Imperial Russia
, 209.

8.
Hommaire de Hell,
Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea
, 6.

9.
Mendele Moykher-Sforim, “Fishke the Lame,” in
Selected Works of Mendele Moykher-Sforim
, 292.

10.
Jesse,
Notes of a Half-Pay
, 1: 208.

11.
Cunynghame,
Travels in the Eastern Caucasus
, 86.

12.
Hommaire de Hell,
Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea
, 6; Scott,
Baltic
, 336; Stephens,
Incidents of Travel
, 56.

13.
Heenan to State, May 7, Sept. 2, and Nov. 16, 1896, NARA, M459, Roll 6. In his dispatch, the consul may have intended the term “costume” to mean simply “suit,” but the implication is that Whirlwind/Hampa needed a particular set of clothes in order to continue his profession.

14.
Skinner, “Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization,” in Hamm, ed.,
City in Late Imperial Russia
, 212.

15.
Skinner, “Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization,” in Hamm, ed.,
City in Late Imperial Russia
, 211.

16.
Odesskii listok
, Aug. 18 (31), 1899.

17.
Odesskii listok
, Aug. 28 (Sept. 9), 1899.

18.
Sylvester,
Tales of Old Odessa
, 55.

19.
Odesskii listok
, June 25 (July 7), 1895.

20.
See Sylvester,
Tales of Old Odessa
, chaps. 4–5. I am grateful to Sylvester’s work on the relationship between middle-class values and sensational crime.

21.
Odesskii listok
, Sept. 26 (Oct. 8), 1894.

22.
Odesskii listok
, Oct. 7 (19), 1894.

23.
Jabotinsky, “Memoirs by My Typewriter,” in Dawidowicz, ed.,
Golden Tradition
, 398.

24.
Kokhanskii,
Odessa za 100 let
, 41–46.

25.
Babel, “The End of the Almshouse,” in
Complete Works of Isaac Babel
, 179.

26.
Pallas,
Travels through the Southern Provinces
, 1: 489.

27.
My account of the Odessa quarantine experience is based on Stephens,
Incidents of Travel
, 53–55; Oliphant,
Russian Shores of the Black Sea
, 230; Hommaire de Hell,
Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea
, 3–5; and Slade,
Records of Travels
, 1: 252.

28.
Hommaire de Hell,
Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea
, 5.

29.
Gadsby,
Trip to Sebastopol
, 26.

30.
Brooks,
Russians of the South
, 33; Oliphant,
Russian Shores of the Black Sea
, 230; Herlihy,
Odessa
, 141.

31.
My account of Mechnikov’s life and work is based on Metchnikoff,
Life of Élie Metchnikoff
, and Shum’ko and Anserova, eds.,
Il’ia Il’ich Mechnikov
.

32.
Quoted in Metchnikoff,
Life of Élie Metchnikoff
, 67–68.

33.
See Mechnikov,
Etudes sur la nature humaine
, and
idem
,
Essais optimistes
.

34.
Mechnikov to A. O. Kovalevsky, Jan. 13, 1883, in Mechnikov,
Pis’ma (1863–1916 gg)
, 114.

Chapter 7: BLOOD AND VENGEANCE

1.
Adler,
Life on the Stage
, 6.

2.
Weinberg,
Revolution of 1905 in Odessa
, 16–17.

3.
Polishchuk,
Evrei Odessy i Novorossii
, 319-21.

4.
Smith to State, Apr. 22, 1871, NARA, M459, Roll 3.

5.
Zipperstein,
Jews of Odessa
, 122.

6.
Smith to State, Apr. 22, 1871, NARA, M459, Roll 3; Herlihy,
Odessa
, 301–3.

7.
John D. Klier, “The Pogrom Paradigm in Russian History,” in Klier and Lambroza, eds.,
Pogroms,
13–38.

8.
Herlihy,
Odessa
, 252.

9.
References to Jabotinsky’s
The Five
are to Michael R. Katz’s sparkling translation published by Cornell University Press, 2005.

10.
Jabotinsky,
Five
, 15.

11.
Jabotinsky,
Five
, 138.

12.
Weinberg,
Revolution of 1905 in Odessa
, 20–23. I am grateful to Patricia Herlihy, whose research first established a clear portrait of Odessa’s economic plight in the run-up to 1905. See especially her
Odessa
, chaps. 8–9.

13.
Heenan to State, Sept. 27, 1904, NARA, M459, Roll 7.

14.
Heenan to State, Jan. 2, 1906, NARA, M459, Roll 7.

15.
Heenan to U.S. embassy in St. Petersburg, July 4, 1905, NARA, M459, Roll 7. See also Smith to Marquess of Landsdowne, Nov. 28, 1905, NAUK, FO 65/1712.

16.
Washburn,
The Cable Game
, 95.

17.
L. A. Girs Diaries, Oct. 19, 1905, Aleksei and Liubov’ Girs Papers, Bakhmeteff Archive, CUR.

18.
Savchenko,
Anarkhisty-terroristy
, 218–19.