Patrick Henry (38 page)

36
House of Senators resolution, June 1, 1779, in McIlwaine,
Official Letters
, 379.

The War's End and a New Virginia

1
Patrick Henry to Thomas Jefferson, February 15, 1780, in William Wirt Henry,
Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches
(New York, 1891), 2:48–49.

2
John Parke Custis to George Washington, January 9, 1779, in
The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition
, ed. Theodore J. Crackel (Charlottesville, VA, 2007).

3
George Washington to John Augustine Washington, November 26, 1778, in ibid.

4
Henry to Jefferson, February 15, 1780, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 2:49.

5
Patrick Henry to Adam Stephen, June 10, 1779, Virginia Historical Society; Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary
(Philadelphia, 1969), 224–25.

6
John E. Selby,
The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783
(Charlottesville, VA, 1988), 248–50.

7
Meade,
Practical Revolutionary
, 228; John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 421.

8
Michael Kranish,
Flight from Monticello: Thomas Jefferson at War
(New York, 2010), 162.

9
Ibid., 166–67.

10
Ibid., 188–90.

11
Quotes from Ferling,
Almost a Miracle
, 497–99; Meade,
Practical Revolutionary
, 234–35.

12
Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 2:118–19.

13
Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, May 28, 1781, in
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton, NJ, 1952), 6:33.

14
Kranish,
Flight from Monticello
, 278, 295–96.

15
Archibald Stuart to Thomas Jefferson, September 8, 1818, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 148; David Waldstreicher, ed.,
Notes on the State of Virginia with Related Documents
(Boston, 2002), 165–66; Richard Henry Lee to [James Lovell], June 12, 1781, in
The Letters of Richard Henry Lee
, ed. James Curtis Ballagh (1911; New York, 1970), 2:237; Michael A. McDonnell,
The Politics of War: Race, Class, and Conflict in Revolutionary Virginia
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2007), 465–66.

16
McDonnell,
Politics of War
, 469–70; Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 2:154.

17
Thomas Jefferson to Isaac Zane, December 24, 1781, in Boyd,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 6:143; Richard R. Beeman,
Patrick Henry: A Biography
(New York, 1974), 132.

18
Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, May 20, 1782, in Boyd,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 6:185; Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
(New York, 2010), 92.

19
Elizabeth A. Fenn,
Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82
(New York, 2001), 129–31.

20
Horatio Gates to Patrick Henry, May 10, 1782, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 2:173.

21
Ibid., 174; McDonnell,
Politics of War
, 487, 490; Eva Sheppard Wolf,
Race and Liberty in the New Nation: Emancipation in Virginia from the Revolution to Nat Turner's Rebellion
(Baton Rouge, LA, 2006), 44, 125; Bureau of the Census,
A Century of Population Growth
(Washington, DC, 1909), 132.

22
Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 120–21.

23
George Mason to Patrick Henry, May 6, 1783, in
The Papers of George Mason
, ed. Robert A. Rutland (Chapel Hill, NC, 1970), 2:770–71; Emory G. Evans, “Private Indebtedness and the Revolution in Virginia, 1776 to 1796,”
William and Mary Quarterly
3rd series, 28, no. 3 (July 1971): 368–69.

24
William Wirt,
Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry
(New York, 1857), 254–55.

25
Wirt,
Sketches
, 252–53; John A. George, “Virginia Loyalists, 1775–1783,” in
Richmond College Historical Papers
1, no. 2 (June 1916): 219.

26
Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, May 7, 1783, in Boyd,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 6:266; J. Kent McGaughy,
Richard Henry Lee of Virginia: A Portrait of an American Revolutionary
(Lanham, MD, 2004), 171–72; Richard Henry Lee to Patrick Henry, December 18, 1784, in Ballagh,
Letters of Richard Henry Lee
, 2:314.

27
Jefferson to Madison, May 7, 1783, in Boyd,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 6:266; Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 124–26; Ron Chernow,
Alexander Hamilton
(New York, 2004), 176.

28
William Short to Thomas Jefferson, May 14, 1784, in Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 126–27.

29
Charles F. James,
Documentary History of the Struggle for Religious Liberty in Virginia
(Lynchburg, VA, 1900), 129.

30
Thomas E. Buckley, S.J., “Patrick Henry, Religious Liberty, and the Search for Civic Virtue,” in
The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life
, ed. Daniel L. Dreisbach, Mark David Hall, and Jeffry H. Morrison (Notre Dame, IN, 2009), 125–27.

31
Richard Henry Lee to James Madison, November 26, 1784, in Ballagh, ed.,
Letters of Richard Henry Lee
, 2:304; George Washington to George Mason, October 3, 1785, in Crackel,
Papers of George Washington
.

32
James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, July 3, 1784, in
The Papers of James Madison
, ed. Robert A. Rutland and William M. E. Rachal (Chicago, 1973), 8:94; Thomas E. Buckley, S.J.,
Church and State in Revolutionary Virginia, 1776–1787
(Charlottesville, VA, 1977), 86–88. Thanks to Tom Buckley
for helping me understand, via e-mail, the legal details of the incorporation bill.

33
James Madison to James Monroe, November 27, 1784, in Rutland and Rachal,
Papers of James Madison
, 8:158; Meade,
Practical Revolutionary
, 280–83.

34
James Madison, “Memorial and Remonstrance,” June 20, 1785, document 43 in Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner,
The Founders' Constitution
(Chicago, 1987), at
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_religions43.html
; William Fristoe,
A Concise History of the Ketoc-ton Baptist Association
(Staunton, VA, 1808), 94.

35
“A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom,” (1786), in
The Sacred Rights of Conscience: Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church-State Relations in the American Founding
, ed. Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall (Indianapolis, 2009), 251.

36
Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, December 8, 1784, in Boyd,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 7:558; Kevin R. C. Gutzman,
Virginia's American Revolution: From Dominion to Republic, 1776–1840
(Lanham, MD, 2007), 64.

37
Mary V. Thompson,
“In the Hands of a Good Providence”: Religion in the Life of George Washington
(Charlottesville, VA, 2008), 69–71.

38
James Jay to Patrick Henry, December 20, 1784; Countess of Huntingdon to Governor of Virginia, April 8, 1784; Outlines of Countess of Huntingdon's Plan, April 8, 1784, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 3:248–61; Patrick Henry to Virginia Delegates in Congress, February 3, 1785, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 2:273–74; Patrick Henry to Joseph Martin, February 4, 1785, Patrick Henry Papers, Library of Congress.

39
George Washington to Richard Henry Lee, February 8, 1785, in Crackel,
Papers of George Washington
; Richard Henry Lee to George Washington, February 27, 1785, in Ballagh,
Letters of Richard Henry Lee
, 2:338–39.

40
Edwin S. Gaustad,
Sworn on the Altar of God: A Religious Biography of Thomas Jefferson
(Grand Rapids, MI, 1995), 101.

41
Patrick Henry to the County Lieutenant and Commanding Officer of Greenbrier County, June 23, 1785, in
Calendar of Virginia State Papers
,
ed. William P. Palmer (Richmond, VA, 1884), 4:39; Patrick Henry to Joseph Martin, April 16, 1785, Samuel Brown to Patrick Henry, July 29, 1785, and Henry to Brown, August 11, 1785, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 3:294–95, 312–13; Daniel Boone to Patrick Henry, August 16, 1785, in
Southern Literary Messenger
, January 1, 1860, 52; John Mack Faragher,
Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer
(New York, 1992), 250.

42
St. George Tucker to Patrick Henry, January 6, 1786, in McDonnell,
Politics of War
, 512; Patrick Henry to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, October 17, 1786, in Harrison Ethridge, “Governor Patrick Henry and the Reorganization of the Virginia Militia, 1784–1786,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
85 (1977): 438.

43
Patrick Henry to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, November 17, 1785, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 337; William Foushee to Patrick Henry, December 6, 1785, in Palmer,
Virginia State Papers
, 4:71.

44
Richard Henry Lee to Patrick Henry, February 14, 1785, in Ballagh,
Richard Henry Lee
, 332.

45
George Rogers Clark to Patrick Henry, May [?], 1786, in Palmer,
Virginia State Papers
, 122.

46
Patrick Henry to the President of Congress, May 16, 1786, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 353.

47
William Grayson, et al., to Patrick Henry, June 8, 1786, and Patrick Henry to Edward Carrington, et al., July 5, 1786, in
The Papers of James Monroe
, ed. Daniel Preston (Westport, CT, 2006), 2:309, 316.

48
Eli Merritt, et al., “Sectional Conflict and Secret Compromise: The Mississippi River Question and the United States Constitution,”
American Journal of Legal History
35, no. 2 (April 1991): 132.

49
James Monroe to Patrick Henry, August 12, 1786, in Preston,
Papers of James Monroe
, 2:333–34.

50
Patrick Henry to Anne Christian, October 20, 1786, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 3:380.

51
James Madison to George Washington, December 7, 1786, in Crackel,
Papers of George Washington
.

52
Patrick Henry to Anne Christian, October 20, 1786, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 3:380; Meade,
Practical Revolutionary
, 318–19;
www.redhill.org/descendants_genealogy.html
.

53
Patrick Henry to Edmund Randolph, February 13, 1787, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 2:311.

Revolution by Opposing the Constitution

1
Independent Gazetteer
(Philadelphia), December 21, 1786, 3; Hugh Blair Grigsby,
The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788
(Richmond, VA: 1890), 1:32 n.36.

2
William Wirt Henry,
Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches
(New York, 1891)
,
2:301; James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 19, 1787, in
The Papers of James Madison
, ed. Robert A. Rutland and William M. E. Rachal (Chicago, 1975), 9:319; James Madison to George Washington, March 18, 1787, in ibid., 9:316.

3
Jack N. Rakove,
Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution
(New York, 1996), 32–33; Richard R. Beeman,
Patrick Henry: A Biography
(New York, 1974), 140–41.

4
Edmund Randolph to Patrick Henry, December 6, 1786, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 2:310–11.

5
Joseph J. Ellis,
His Excellency: George Washington
(New York, 2004), 177.

6
George Mason, “Objections to the Constitution of Government Formed by the Convention,” in
The Complete Anti-Federalist
, ed. Herbert J. Storing (Chicago, 1981), 2:11–13.

7
George Washington to Patrick Henry, Benjamin Harrison, and Thomas Nelson, September 24, 1787, in
The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition
, ed. Theodore J. Crackel (Charlottesville, VA, 2007); James Madison to George Washington, October 18, 1787, in
The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution
, ed. John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino (Madison, WI, 1990), 8:77; Robert Middlekauff,
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789
(New York, 1982), 646–48.

8
Patrick Henry to George Washington, October 19, 1787, in Crackel,
Papers of George Washington
.

9
Benjamin Harrison to George Washington, October 4, 1787, in ibid.

10
Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, December 20, 1787, in
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton, NJ, 1955), 12:442; Joseph J. Ellis,
American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1996), 122–24.

11
“Petersburg, (Virginia), Nov. 1,”
Pennsylvania Packet
, November 10, 1787.

12
Ibid.; Kaminski and Saladino,
Documentary History
, 8:110.

13
James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, December 9, 1787, in Boyd,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 12:410.

14
James Madison,
Federalist #51
, in
The Federalist
, ed. George W. Carey and James McClellan (Indianapolis, 2001), 270.

15
John Blair Smith to James Madison, June 12, 1788, in
The Papers of James Madison
, ed. Robert A. Rutland, et al. (Charlottesville, VA, 1977), 11:120; Pauline Maier,
Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788
(New York, 2010), 231–32; 1790 Census figures, at
www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1790m-02.pdf
.