Pillar of Fire (100 page)

fn “Twenty Negars”: e.g. Woodson,
Negro in Our History
, p. 21; Quarles,
Negro in the Making
, p. 33; Lincoln,
Negro Pilgrimage
, pp. 10-11; Jordan,
White Over Black
, p. 44; Rice,
Black Slavery
, pp. 52-53; Grant,
Black Protest
, pp. 7-17.

chartering Fort Mose: Jane Landers, “Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida,”
American Historical Review
, Spring 1990, pp. 9-30.

penalty of castration: Jordan,
White Over Black
, p. 155.

archevil haven: Religious passion inflamed the colonial competition between the English and Spanish, and it also complicated each side's attitude toward the subordinated peoples. As a general rule, Spaniards considered their idea of slavery less odious to Africans than English chattel slavery. On the other hand, they felt at a disadvantage in dealing with Native Americans, in part because to them the Protestant departure from the structured doctrine of the Catholic Church was so shocking as to seem somehow in league with the vague practices of the Indians. According to Lyon,
adelantado
Menéndez himself “was strongly convinced that Protestant heretics and American aboriginals held similar beliefs, probably Satanic in origin.” Lyon,
Enterprise of Florida
, p. 42.

“Turnbull's niggers”: Int. David Nolan, April 4, 1991; Gannon,
Florida: A Short History
, pp. 20-21.

polls showed Robert Ripley: Summers,
Official and Confidential
, p. 102.

faces instead of their backs: Int. Michael V. Gannon, April 2, 1991. As the priest-historian in charge of the St. Augustine mission, Gannon accompanied Archbishop Hurley to Rome for the first session of the Vatican Council in the fall of 1962.

“Fifty-five”: Int. Michael V. Gannon, Dec. 12, 1992.

letter asking Johnson: Fulwood and Hawthorne to LBJ, Feb. 23, 1963, III-C-24, NAACP.

three formal readings: Int. Fannie Fulwood, April 6, 1991.

“no event in which I will participate”: LBJ to Fulwood, March 7, 1963, David Colburn papers, UF.

chief aide to Florida Senator George Smathers: Int. Scott Peek, Dec. 10, 1992. Peek was administrative assistant to Smathers. Also int. Fannie Fulwood, April 6, 1991. Documentary references to the negotiations before LBJ's visit include the transcript of a March 12, 1963, meeting with the St. Augustine city manager, III-C-24, NAACP; Fulwood and Hawthorne to President Kennedy, May 4, 1963, Box 24, Lee White Papers, JFK; Colburn,
Racial Change
, pp. 32-33; Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
, pp. 18-19.

a mob had punished: Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
, p. 15.

Henry Thomas decided to apply: Int. Henry Thomas, March 14, 1991; Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 28.

Henry Thomas had become: Branch,
Parting
, pp. 412-18, 472-84.

froze up inside: Int. Fannie Fulwood, April 6, 1991.

Roy Wilkins called: Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
, p. 18.

$159 phone bill: Gloster Current (national director of branches, NAACP) to Robert Saunders (Florida field secretary), March 22, 1963, III-C-305, NAACP.

Reedy, true to his promise: Int. Fannie Fulwood, April 6, 1991; int. Katherine and Henry Twine, April 2, 1991.

beneath the Tojetti ceilings: Gannon,
Florida: A Short History
, p. 57.

treasurer to Smathers: Herbert E. Wolfe owned several banks and a construction company, among other holdings: Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
, p. 12.

“I'm
eatin
' with 'em!”: Int. Scott Peek, Dec. 10, 1992.

“Don't forget us”: Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
, pp. 17-18.

“St. Augustine Pledged”:
Florida Times-Union
, March 12, 1963, pp. 1, 2, 21, 25.

“the local problem which existed”: Scott Peek to George Reedy, March 13 and March 14, 1963, Box 226, Vice Presidential Papers, LBJ.

tape recorder on an empty table: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 33.

“would make the city” to “they should have the fortitude to say so”: Transcript of “Informal Conference between City Manager Charles F. Barrier and Representatives of local branch of NAACP, held in office of city manager on March 12, 1963,” III-C-24, NAACP.

deceived with false promises: Ibid. Also Eubanks and Hayling to Vice President Johnson, Aug. 3, 1963, cited in “Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine,” a Report of the Legislative Investigation Committee of the Florida Legislature, Feb. 1965, pp. 67-68, reprinted in Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
. In its “Report on the Open Meeting in St. Augustine, Florida, August 16 [1963],” the Florida Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights concluded that “promises of meeting with the Negro leaders were violated immediately on his [LBJ's] departure”—Papers of Judge Brian Simplon, UF.

“Since St. Augustine”: Fullerwood and Hawthorne to JFK, May 4, 1963, Box 24, Lee White Papers. JFK. The letter actually reads “it's [sic] inception.”

Kennedy did not reply: On behalf of Fullerwood, Hayling wrote JFK's assistant press secretary Andrew Hatcher on May 26, pressing for an answer to the May 4 letter, but no response appears in the files. Box 24, Lee White Papers, JFK.

“defeats the very purpose”: Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
, p. 20. Shelley actually wrote “polarities,” corrected here to “polarizes.”

“People on the scene”: Blind memorandum on St. Augustine, appended to an Aug. 8, 1963, letter to Wyatt Walker from Hobart Taylor, Jr., executive vice chairman of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, A/KP20f40.

4. G
AMBLERS IN
L
AW

Jones worked simultaneously: Cf. April 1963 correspondence between Jones and Melvin Wulf regarding the entry of the ACLU into the
Sullivan
case as an
amicus
, A/KP11f24.

servants to the Lippincott family: Branch,
Parting
, pp. 317-18; int. Clarence Jones, Nov. 22 and Nov. 25, 1983.

“When a gambler gets”:
James v. Powell, Jr
., Record on Appeal, Supreme Court, New York County Index No. 11333-1960, p. 267; NYT, April 4, 1963, p. 37.

“Cool Breeze, you can't”:
James v. Powell, Jr
., p. 253.

in the head with a hammer: Ibid., p. 130ff. On James's background, see also WP, Feb. 14, 1967, p. B11, together with W. Montague Cobb to Drew Pearson, Feb. 17, 1967, Box G260, Drew Pearson Papers, LBJ.

“Do I look like a fool to you?”:
James v. Powell, Jr
., Record on Appeal, Supreme Court, New York County Index No. 11333-1960, p. 267.

slipped into the courtroom with a whispered: Int. Charles McKinney, Jan. 21, 1992.

neither they nor Powell's closest aides: Ibid. Also int. Percy Sutton, Nov. 28, 1989; int. Livingstone Wingate, July 8, 1992.

opposing lawyer summoned Powell: NYT, April 4, 1963, p. 37.

crippled Jewish children: NYT, April 5, 1963, pp. 1, 20.

advertisement placed by friends: NYT, March 29, 1960, p. 25. On
New York Times v. Sullivan
, see Lewis,
Make No Law, passim
; Branch,
Parting
, pp. 289-96, 370-71.

damages of $500,000: Lewis,
Make No Law
, pp. 35, 151.

“I hold in my hand”: Powell speech of Jan. 13, 1960, reprinted in the Feb. 18, 1965,
Congressional Record
, p. 3007.

“Louis the Gimp”: Ibid.

“both numbers and narcotics”: Powell speech of Feb. 25, 1960, reprinted in the Feb. 18, 1965,
Congressional Record
, p. 3013.

“pauperizing Harlem”: Hamilton,
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr
., p. 430.

all 212 New York police captains: Powell speech of Feb. 25, 1960, reprinted in the Feb. 18, 1965,
Congressional Record
, p. 3013.

“We have in our hands”: Powell speech of Feb. 18, 1965,
Congressional Record
, p. 3035.

first salvos drew: In a notable exception, the
New York Post
did publish a series on police corruption in the rackets, beginning on Feb. 29, 1960. The team of reporters, headed by the pioneer Negro journalist at a major white news organization, Ted Poston, openly acknowledged Powell as a catalyst.

“All pads are due”: Powell speech of Feb. 25, 1960, reprinted in the Feb. 18, 1965,
Congressional Record
, p. 3013.

only the quiet resignation: Powell speech of March 2, 1960, reprinted in the Feb. 18, 1965,
Congressional Record
, p. 3013ff.

“who lives luxuriously”: Ibid.

reiterate the “bag” system: Powell speeches of Feb. 25 and March 2, 1960, ibid.

trapdoors of public scandal: Hamilton,
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr
., pp. 434-45; Jacobs,
Freedom Minus One
, p. 116ff.

Supreme Court agreed to review: On January 7, 1963. Jacobs,
Freedom Minus One
, p. 112.

“a 66-year-old domestic”: NYT, April 5, 1963, p. 20. Another newspaper rhapsodized over Esther James as a “good citizen” who fought a lonely battle against sinister forces, including Powell and the mob:
New York World Telegram
, April 5, 1963, p. 3.

“If you dance”: Branch,
Parting
, p. 277.

no racial issues pressed: Lewis,
Make No Law
, p. 109.

King lawyers welcomed: Int. Clarence Jones, Nov. 22, 1983; int. Harry Wachtel, Oct. 27, 1983.

split off the newspaper: Ibid. Also Lewis,
Make No Law
, p. 43.

seize the property of the four preachers: Ibid. Also Branch,
Parting
, pp. 571, 580.

Lord, Day & Lord: Lewis,
Make No Law
, p. 43.

“the unfriendliest newspaper”: Adam Clayton Powell speech of Feb. 18, 1965, in
Congressional Record
of same day, p. 3037.

detailed account on the front page: “Powell Assailed in House Speech” (by Rep. John Ashbrook), NYT, Feb. 27, 1963, p. 1.

Arthur Powers was shot: NYT, Oct. 21, 1964, p. 23.

“finger woman”: Adam Clayton Powell speech of Feb. 18, 1965, in
Congressional Record
of same day, p. 3035.

“I am against numbers”: NYT, Jan. 4, 1960, p. 9.

offended editors: Hamilton,
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr
., p. 432.

“his notably racist attitudes”: NYT, Jan. 26, 1960, p. 32.

possessed soul: Glenn T. Eskew in Garrow,
Birmingham
, pp. 13-62.

conviction from the 1961 Freedom Rides: Lewis,
Make No Law
, pp. 162-63.

Shuttlesworth had assured King: Branch,
Parting
, p. 691. Andrew Young recalled the vote of the ministers in a speech at Birmingham's Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Nov. 15, 1992.

out of jail and back again: Branch,
Parting
, pp. 708-11, 725-31.

“I'm writing this letter”: Int. Clarence Jones, Nov. 25, 1983.

“when the cup of endurance”: “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” quotations from Washington,
Testament of Hope
, pp. 289-303.

addressed the eight Birmingham clergy in dozens of voices: Branch,
Parting
, pp. 734-45.

shockingly held kings and peasants: Heschel,
The Prophets
, Vol. 1, pp. 159-67.

the power of the appeal lay dormant: Branch,
Parting
, p. 744.

still another landmark Supreme Court case:
Walker v. City of Birmingham
. Sec Westin,
Trial of Martin Luther King, passim
.

5. T
O
V
OTE IN
M
ISSISSIPPI
: A
DVANCE BY
R
ETREAT

Moses was not from Mississippi: Moses description from Branch,
Parting
, pp. 325-31, 492ff.