Pillar of Fire (129 page)

preached for Fred Shuttlesworth: MLK appointments log for Sept. 27, 1964, A/SC29; Shuttlesworth to MLK, date na, A/KP22f12.

begged off one engagement: MLK to Ted Brown, Sept. 25, 1964, A/KP3f17.

generally cordial reception: Intercepted comments by Bayard Rustin on Oct. 2, 1964, in FBI HQ blind memorandum of Oct. 6, 1964, FK-NR.

“extremely cooperative and reliable”: SAC, Savannah to Director, Sept. 26, 1964, Section 24, FHOC.

dropped three bugging devices: Sizoo to Sullivan, Sept. 30, 1964, citing microphone surveillance request by Savannah SAC Edward L. Boyle, FSC-174.

well-placed physical surveillance: Savannah LHM dated Oct. 1, 1964, FSC-171.

segregationist bomb threat: Savannah LHM dated Oct. 1, 1964, FSC-181.

Eskridge established: Trust agreement dated and executed Sept. 29, 1964, by MLK, Eskridge, Shuttlesworth, Abernathy, and Archibald Carey, A/SC49f6.

his son might be a candidate: Minutes, SCLC board meeting of Sept. 30, 1964, A/KP29f4.

five hundred delegates: NYT, Oct. 2, 1964, p. 27.

“have our Valley Forges” to “battle is in our hands”: Annual Report of MLK to the 8th Annual SCLC Convention, Savannah, Georgia, delivered Oct. 1, 1964, A/KS6; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, pp. 353-54.

36. M
OVEMENTS
U
NBOUND

first run of sixty-three weeks: NYT, Sept. 1, 1964, p. 30.

“a benign infection”:
The New Yorker
, Aug. 29, 1964, p. 14.

adoring youth riots:
Rolling Stone Rock Almanac
, pp. 90-92.

Chagall installed: NYT, Sept. 7, 1964, p. 21.

“steerable parachute”: NYT, Aug. 23, 1964, p. 86.

“bothersome hump”: NYT, Dec. 13, 1964, p. 86.

girl counting: Manchester,
Glory and the Dream
, p. 1260; Edwards,
Goldwater
, pp. 299-300.

40 percent more than Johnson: Edwards,
Goldwater
, p. 287.

using grim phrases: Ibid., p. 319.

“lobbing one into the men's room”: Manchester,
Glory and the Dream
, p. 1260.

“The President and the Bomb”: NYT, Sept. 9, 1964, p. 42.

relished tales of his grandfather: Rochlin,
Pioneer Jews
, pp. 127-31, 224-25.

unmentionable on any account: Cf. NYT, July 16, 1964, p. 17.

nose of Lincoln's bust: NYT, Aug. 20, 1964, p. 1.

“the more the federal government”: NYT, Sept. 12, 1964, p. 10.

“to tell you what to print”: NYT, Sept. 16, 1964, p. 12.

took the edge off: Good,
Trouble I've Seen
, pp. 210-11.

“an invisible silken curtain”: Johnson,
White House Diary
, pp. 195-96.

rejected its last Republican: Cohodas,
Strom Thurmond
, p. 26.

outlaw fraternal orders: Woodward,
Strange Career
, p. 100.

hegemony produced 98 percent: Cohodas,
Strom Thurmond
, p. 37.

“will make a Czar of the President”: Ibid., p. 333.

“go all the way and change parties”: Ibid., p. 340.

“The Democratic Party”: “Television Address of Senator Strom Thurmond to the People of South Carolina on the 1964 Presidential Race, September 16, 1964,”
Congressional Record
, Sept. 17, 1964, pp. S22302-5.

distinctive new lapel pin: NYT, Sept. 18, 1964, p. 1.

minimized the switch: NYT, Sept. 17, 1964, p. 42.

Democratic chairman questioned: Columbia, South Carolina,
The State
, Sept. 17, 1964, pp. 1, 6.

Hollis Watkins claimed: Int. Hollis Watkins by Joseph Sinsheimer, Feb. 13, 1985; int. Hollis Watkins, June 22, 1992; int. Mike Sayer, June 25, 1992.

burned there in a single week: July 17-24, 1964, in “Mississippi Bombings, Burnings Since June 16,” A/SN36f6.

conquered a pronounced stutter: Int. Mike Miller, June 24, 1994.

undiminished vigilante rampage: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
Law Enforcement
, pp. 30-35; Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 305-7.

Festival of Football Queens: Heirich,
The Beginning
, p. 44.

picketed the
Oakland Tribune
. Viorst,
Fire in the Streets
, pp. 284-86.

twenty-six-foot-wide brick strip: Heirich,
The Beginning
, pp. 49-65.

“People grab whatever”: Harris,
Dreams Die Hard
, pp. 79-80.

one with a punctured eardrum: Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 306-7.

“We have jointly manned the tables”: Heirich,
The Beginning
, p. 81.

“Let Savio speak”: Ibid., pp. 90-93.

Savio's desire to be identified: Mike Miller to the author, Dec. 2, 1992.

chapters must confine themselves: Int. Mike Miller, June 24, 1994.

“let us try to avoid”: “Rough Minutes of a Meeting Called by the National Council of Churches to Discuss the Mississippi Project,” Sept. 18, 1964, A/SN115f3; Carson,
In Struggle
, p. 137.

neutral facilitators: Int. Jack Pratt, March 25, 1991.

transported Alyene Quin: Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 307-8.

“when he doesn't even have a garage”: Tucker,
Mississippi from Within
, p. 124; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
Law Enforcement
, pp. 33-35.

“argued strenuously”: Lee White to Jack Valenti, “Request for Meeting with the President by McComb, Mississippi Bombing Victims,” Sept. 23, 1964, HU2/ST24, Box 27, LBJ.

met with columnist Drew Pearson: Remarks on McComb by Bob Moses, Dennis Sweeney, and Mike Miller, at SNCC “West Coast Conference,” Nov. 1964, Tape No. 239, A/JF.

“Do you think I would”: Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 308.

“nothing in the history”:
Jet
, Oct. 7, 1964, pp. 16-21.

two more bombings: Homes of Ardis Garner and Matthew Jackson. “Mississippi Bombings, Burnings Since June 16,” A/SN36f6; MS, Nov. 20, 1964, pp. 12-13.

“criminal syndicalism”: Harris,
Dreams Die Hard
, p. 80; NYT, Sept. 27, 1964, p. 41.

“They are coming through”: Lee White to LBJ, Sept. 24, 1964, HU2/ST24, Box 27, LBJ.

several minutes with Johnson: PDD, Sept. 24, 1964.

“New Dulles Mission Urged”: NYT, Sept. 26, 1964, p. 23.

yard of the Natchez mayor: “Mississippi Bombings, Burnings Since June 16,” A/SN36f6.

“I never said they were good kids”: Tucker,
Mississippi from Within
, p. 124.

eight hundred cases: Int. Roy Moore, June 22, 1992.

fn Moore's volunteers: Ibid.; Ungar,
FBI
, p. 204.

surfaced in a McComb newspaper: Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 309.

hauling one hundred: SAC, Jackson, to Director, Sept. 17, 1964, FMB-1170.

two grand juries dueled: SAC, Jackson, to Director, Sept. 18, 1964, FMB-1178.

“the most courageous sheriff”: Mars,
Witness
, p. 129.

Barnett was the brother: Rosen to Belmont, Sept. 25, 1964, FMB-1227.

guarded even from his employers: Katzenbach pressed FBI officials to reveal how they had located the three bodies, fearing that extralegal methods such as wiretaps might “taint” evidence for the entire case. After a long bureaucratic struggle, the FBI acknowledged paying a confidential source for the location, but Sullivan refused to reveal the identity of the source to the Justice Department, fearing leaks and threats on the source's life. Cf. Rosen to Belmont, Sept. 16, 1964, FMB-NR; Rosen to [redacted], Sept. 17, 1964, FMB-1172; Rosen to Belmont, Sept. 21, 1964, FMB-NR.

“all of your agents”: Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 172.

Katzenbach wired formal orders: Rosen to Belmont, Sept. 25, 1964, FMB-1226.

eight-point contingency plan: Ibid., pp. 2-3.

begged not to be called: Mars,
Witness
, pp. 134-40.

Sullivan cajoled witnesses: Int. Joseph Sullivan, Feb. 3, 1991.

Officer Wallace Miller: Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, pp. 157-62; Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, pp. 429-31.

“If Wallace Miller”: Int. Joseph Sullivan, Feb. 3, 1991.

outdone by a young street agent: Ibid.

“I've been expecting you”: Vollers,
Ghosts of Mississippi
, pp. 220-21.

hundred dollars a week: Huie,
Three Lives
, p. 154.

forty pages of notes: Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 434.

Sam Bowers quoted: Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, pp. 175-76.

“Once we had Miller”: Int. Joseph Sullivan, Feb. 3, 1991.

“the greatest repository”: NYT, Sept. 28, 1964, p. 1.

Philadelphia riot police: NYT, Sept. 1, 1964, p. 1.

firebombs struck [the
Los Angeles Herald-Examiner
]: Cf. LAT, Aug. 20, 1964.

stomped them on a Sunday afternoon: Boston FBI report dated Sept. 16, 1964 (including Barnette statement of Sept. 2, 1964), FMXNY-4966; Aubrey Barnette with Edward Linn, “The Black Muslims Are a Fraud,”
Saturday Evening Post
, Feb. 27, 1965.

Rev. Virgil Wood ran behind: Int. Virgil Wood, Aug. 2, 1994.

fn “Now the Black Muslims”:
Kup's Show
, Feb. 27, 1965, transcript in Chicago FBI report of March 15, 1965, FMX-NR.

twenty-two people had heard Benjamin 2X: New York LHM dated Sept. 10, 1964, FMXNY-4946.

shutting down the wiretap: Assistant Attorney General J. Walter Yeagley to Hoover, Sept. 2, 1964, FMX-149; Hoover to SAC, New York, Oct. 2, 1964, FMX-155.

fn closing intercept: SAC, New York, to Director, Oct. 2, 1964, FMX-163, p. 7; SAC, New York, to Director, Oct. 3, 1964, FMX-159.

“does not have a hundred”: SAC, Chicago, to Director, Sept. 8, 1964, FMX-NR.

“Other messengers like Moses”: NYT, Aug. 28, 1964, p. 28.

“to be the strongest black man”:
Chicago American
, Sept. 15, 1964; news clip in RS, File 589, CHS.

Philadelphia's Venango Ballroom: Philadelphia LHM dated Oct. 8, 1964, FMXNY-5036, pp. 1-9; int. Benjamin Karim, March 19, 1991.

Muslims should forget: Ibid. Also int. Warith D. Mohammed, Nov. 14, 1991.

Wallace knowingly launched: Chicago LHM dated Aug. 19, 1964, FMXNY-4880.

Peabody unexpectedly lost: NYT, Sept. 12, 1964, p. 10.

“everything on a silver platter”: NYT, Sept. 21, 1964, p. 1.

one million people hailed: White,
The Making
, pp. 366-67; Miller,
Lyndon
, pp. 481-82; Valenti,
Very Human President
, pp. 160-61.

Berkeley students protested: Heirich,
The Beginning
, pp. 98-119.

“All right”: Ibid., p. 118.

expeditions of five hundred: Viorst,
Fire in the Streets
, pp. 290-91.

“the Muslims pulled a car”: FBI wiretap intercept reported in SAC, Phoenix, to SAC, Boston, Oct. 2, 1964, FMXNY-5010.

eventual conviction in January: Aubrey Barnette with Edward Linn, “The Black Muslims Are a Fraud,”
Saturday Evening Post
, Feb. 27, 1965, p. 29.

DcLoach took a bulletin: Lee White to LBJ, Oct. 1, 1964, Ex HU2/ST24, LBJ.

editor hazarded: Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 309-11.

“local officials are publicly”: Lee White to LBJ, Sept. 30, 1964, w/ attached Katzenbach to LBJ, Sept. 28, 1964, Ex HU2/ST24, LBJ.

Four Episcopal ministers: NYT, Oct. 1, 1964, p. 32.

“Some were bombings by white people.”: Ibid.

Dittmer later discounted: Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 310.

three Klansmen: NYT, Oct. 2, 1964, p. 27; speech of Gov. Paul Johnson, Oct. 1, 1964, WLBT news film 2770/F1800, MDAH; Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, pp. 166-68; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
Law Enforcement
, pp. 37-39. The U.S. Civil Rights Commission reported that most of the weekly bombings were carried out by a Ku Klux Klan klavern called the South Pike Rifleman's Association, organized as an affiliate of the National Rifle Association in order to purchase arms and ammunition at discount. The klavern was known informally as the Wolf Pack.