Polio Wars (118 page)

118.
Nudelman and Willingham
Healing the Blues
(1997) quoted in Wilson
Living with Polio
, 56–57.

119.
Pohl and Kenny,
The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis
, 87–94.

120.
Hall
Through the Storm
, 8.

121.
Bruno
The Polio Paradox
; Wilson
Living with Polio
. On sexual abuse by doctors and by orderlies, see Bruno
The Polio Paradox
, 76–77.

122.
Bruno
The Polio Paradox
, 74. Bruno argued that “Kenny's preeminence and her own dogmatism blotted out at least equally effective and more humane treatments for polio, such
as the procedures developed by the Kendalls a decade earlier,” a view that probably came from his reading of Kendall “Sister Elizabeth Kenny Revisited,” 361–365.

123.
Pohl and Kenny
The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis
, 175.

124.
Suzane Fabian and Morag Loh “Elizabeth Kenny 1880–1952: Nurse, Pioneer Therapist, Inventor” in
The Change[-]makers: Ten Significant Australian Women
(Milton, Queensland: Jacaranda Press, 1983), 131–142. See also George Blaikie “Sister Elizabeth Kenny: A Bold Crusader Against Polio”
Australian Women's Weekly
(November 1984) 52: 346–347; Jim Bowditch “Bush Nurse's Magnificent Obsession: Sister Kenny a Polio Angel”
Sunday Sun [Magazine]
October 16 1988, 2, Kenny Collection, Box 18, Fryer Library; George Blaikie “Sister Elizabeth Kenny: Controversial Crusader Against Polio” in
Great Women of History
(Broadway, New South Wales: John Fairfax Marketing, 1984), 117–118. For examples of the lack of attention to Kenny see Helen Gregory
A Tradition of Care: A History of Nursing at the Royal Brisbane Hospital
(Brisbane: Boolarong Publication, 1988); it has no discussion of Kenny in the text but does include a photograph of her; Elizabeth Burchill
Australian Nurses since Nightingale 1860–1990
(Richmond: Spectrum Publications, 1992) has no mention of Kenny.

125.
Alan Alda in
Woman's Day
March 13 1980, quoted in Fabian and Loh “Elizabeth Kenny 1880–1952: Nurse, Pioneer Therapist, Inventor,” 131–142; see for example Alan Alda
Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: And Other Things I've Learned
(New York: Random House, 2005), 19–20.

126.
John R. Wilson
Through Kenny's Eyes: An Exploration of Sister Elizabeth Kenny's Views about Nursing
(Townsville: Royal College of Nursing Australia, 1995).

127.
Rewind ABC-TV “Sister Kenny: Saint or Charlatan?” August 29 2004;
abc.net.au/tv/rewind/txt/s1184925.htm
, accessed 9/29/2005.

128.
“Memorial to Sister Kenny”
Melbourne Age
September 20 1961;
http://www.post-polionetwork.org.au/particles/part13.pdf
, accessed 1/10/2013; Toowoomba Sundial
http://jhwagner.com.au/sister-kenny-memorial.php
, accessed 1/10/2013.

129.
http://www.post-polionetwork.org.au/particles/part13.pdf
, accessed 1/10/2013.

130.
“Sister Kenny Recalled on ‘100
^th
' Birthday—and Again Famous Founder Has Upper Hand”
Minneapolis Star
September 20 1986.

131.
Leonard G. Wilson
Medical Revolution in Minnesota: A History of the University of Minnesota
(St. Paul: Midewiwin Press, 1989), 357–365.

132.
Emily Crofford
Healing Warrior: A Story about Sister Elizabeth Kenny
(Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 1989), 50.

133.
Nancy Rehkamp to Dear Friend of Sister Kenny Institute, February 18 1992, Chris Sharpe Collection, in author's possession; “Major 1992 PR Activities in Conjunction with 50
^th
Anniversary,” Chris Sharpe Collection, in author's possession. On the Institute's merger with Abbott-Northwestern Hospital and then the Allina hospital system see
http://www.allina.com/ahs/ski.nsf/page/aboutus
, accessed 1/10/2013; B. Lee Ligon “Sister Elizabeth Kenny: A Controversial Participant in the War against Polio”
Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases
(October 2000) 11: 287–291, 290. It is now the Sister Kenny Rehabilitative Institute.

134.
Henry W. Haverstock, letter to editor, “Russia and Sister Kenny” [Minneapolis newspaper], August 10 1993, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

135.
Mary and Stuart McCracken, interviews with Rogers, November 1992, Caloundra, Queensland.

136.
“Fighting Polio with ‘Gentle Hands' ” by Dan Olson, Minnesota Public Radio, August 22, 2002;
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200208/22_olsond_sisterkinney/part4.shtml
, accessed 9/22/2011.

137.
Kate Roberts
Minnesota 150: The People, Places, and Things That Shape Our State
(St: Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2007), 96–97.

138.
Annette Atkins “Facing Minnesota”
Daedalus: Minnesota: A Different America?
(2000) 129: 45–46.

139.
Minnesota History Theatre “Sister Kenny's Children,”
http://www.historytheatre.com/shows/2009-2010/sister_kenny.asp
, accessed 9/22/11; see also Bev Wolfe “Claudia Wilkens Gives a Commanding Performance in ‘Sister Kenny's Children' ”
Twin Cities Daily Planet
January 28 2010. The Play Guide listed Cohn's biography, the ABC and the MPR broadcasts, Kenny's 2 autobiographies, and one of her textbooks.

140.
Kenny
My Battle and Victory: History of the Discovery of Poliomyelitis as a Systemic Disease
(London: Robert Hale, 1955), 10. The correct quotation is “He that of greatest works is finisher/Oft does them by the weakest minister”; William Shakespeare
All's Well That Ends Well
, Act 2, Scene i.

141.
A. L. Baron
Man Against Germs
(London: Scientific Book Club, 1958), 126–129.

142.
For one effort at addressing some aspects of this issue see Rogers “The Debate Considered”
Australian Historical Studies
(2000) 31: 163–166.

143.
One major exception to this is the history of drugs; see Elizabeth Siegel Watkins and Andrea Tone eds.
Medicating Modern America: Prescription Drugs in History
(New York: New York University Press, 2007); Jeremy A. Greene
Prescribing By Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Disease
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007); Robert Bud
Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); John E. Lesch
The First Miracle Drugs: How the Sulfa Drugs Transformed Medicine
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

144.
Charles A. Wolverton in
Health Inquiry (Poliomyelitis)
[Part 3 October 6 1953], 608.

145.
Gaylord Anderson in
Health Inquiry (Poliomyelitis)
[Part 3 October 6 1953], 611–621.

For polio after 1945 see Richard L. Bruno
The Polio Paradox: Understanding and Treating ‘Post-Polio Syndrome' and Chronic Fatigue
(New York: Warner Books, 2002); Nancy Baldwin Carter
Snapshots: Polio Survivors Remember
(Omaha: NPSA Press, 2002); Thomas M. Daniel and Frederick C. Robbins eds.
Polio
(Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1997); Jacqueline Foertsch
Bracing Accounts: The Literature and Culture of Polio in Postwar America
(Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2008); Lauro Halstead
Managing Post Polio: A Guide to Living And Aging Well with Post-Polio Syndrome
(Washington, DC: National Rehabilitation Hospital Press, 2006); Lauro Halstead and Gunnar Grimby
Post-Polio Syndrome
(Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus, 1995); Edmund J. Sass ed.
Polio's Legacy: An Oral History
(New York: University Press of America, Inc., 1996); Richard K. Scotch
From Good Will to Civil Rights: Transforming Disability Policy
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984); Richard K. Scotch “Politics and Policy in the History of the Disability Rights Movement”
Milbank Quarterly
(1989) (supplement part 2) 67: 380–400; Nina Gilden Seavey, Jane S. Smith, and Paul Wagner
A Paralyzing Fear: The Triumph Over Polio in America
(New York: TV Books, 1998); Marc Shell
Polio and Its Aftermath: The Paralysis of Culture
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005); Julie K. Silver
Post-Polio: A Guide for Polio Survivors and Their Families
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011); Daniel J. Wilson “Braces, Wheelchairs, and Iron Lungs: The Paralyzed Body and
the Machinery of Rehabilitation in the Polio Epidemics”
Journal of Medical Humanities
(2005) 26: 188–190; Daniel J. Wilson
Living with Polio: The Epidemic and Its Survivors
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).

On history and remembering and forgetting see Pascal Boyer and James V. Wertsch eds.
Memory in Mind and Culture
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Maria G. Cattell, Jacob J. Climo, and Maria G. Cattell eds.
Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives
(Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2002); Mark Crinson ed.
Urban Memory: History and Amnesia in the Modern City
(London: Routledge, 2005); Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone eds.
Contesting Pasts: The Politics of Memory
(London: Routledge, 2003); Andreas Kitzmann, Conny Mithander, and John Sundholm eds.
Memory Work: The Theory and Practice of Memory
(Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2005); Norman M. Klein
The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory
(London: Verso, 1997); Seth Koven “Remembering and Dismemberment: Crippled Children, Wounded Soldiers, and the Great War in Great Britain”
American Historical Review
(1994) 99: 1167–1202; Selma Leydesdorff, Luisa Passerini, and Paul Thompson eds.
Gender and Memory: International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories,
Vol. IV (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Susan R. Suleiman
Crises of Memory and the Second World War
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006); David Thelan ed.
Memory and American History
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989); Jay Winter
Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Barbie Zelizer
Remembering To Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye
(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1998).

Note: Page numbers followed by
f
indicate material found in Figures; page numbers followed by
n
indicate material found in Notes

Aaron, Harold,
324

Ackerknecht, Erwin,
xi

Adams, Frederick,
195

Addiction, braces/crutches as,
174

Africa, polio outbreaks in,
342

African Americans

as celebrity supporters,
360
–
361

as patients/health care providers,
208
–
209
,
360

Aftereffects Committee (NFIP),
39

Aikens, Tom,
375

Alda, Alan,
421

Alienation (Kenny's term),
xv
–
xvii
,
11
,
47
,
51
,
55
,
67
,
71
–
72
,
96
,
101
–
102
,
104
–
105
,
114
–
116
,
118
,
152
,
197
,
199
,
201
,
262
,
266
,
344
,
362
,
405
,
420

“All American Christian Auxiliary,”
215

Allen, Marjory,
405

Alternative treatments,
169
–
170
.
See also
Berry School; Chiropractic; Naturopathy; Osteopathy

America, at war.
See
World War I; World War II

American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,
17

American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery,
17

American Cancer Society,
307
,
315

American Congress of Physical Therapy,
15
,
103
,
120
–
121
,
197
,
362

American Heart Association,
307
,
315

American Journal of Clinical Pathology
,
123

American Journal of Nursing
,
88
,
119

American Medical Association (AMA)

antitrust suit against,
57
,
186
,
307