Polio Wars (25 page)

18.
On the history of hospital-schools in the United States see Brad Byrom “A Pupil and a Patient: Hospital-Schools in Progressive America” in Paul K. Longmore and Lauri Umansky eds.
New Disability History: American Perspectives
(New York: New York University Press, 2001), 133–156.

19.
In the 1920s and early 1930s this department consisted only of Henry Kendall and Louise Mims, who had treated Roosevelt some years earlier; Florence Kendall, interview with Rogers, April 26 1999, Silver Springs; see also
The Children's Hospital Story
(Baltimore n.p., n.d.) George E. Bennett Papers, Box 503122, Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

20.
Kendall, interview with Rogers, April 26 1999; Henry Kendall regained partial vision but was unable to drive a car, and the glass eye he wore (before plastic eyes were developed in the late 1940s) had a tendency to explode with sudden changes in temperature.

21.
Lucie P. Lawrence “Florence Kendall: What a Wonderful Journey”
PT: Magazine of Physical Therapy
(2000) 8: 41–42. A few years later they published their major textbook: H.O. Kendall and F. P. Kendall
Muscle Testing and Function
(Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1949). Henry left to work in private practice, and retired in 1971.

22.
Kendall, interview with Rogers, April 26 1999; Lawrence “Florence Kendall: What a Wonderful Journey,” 36–45.

23.
Henry O. Kendall “Some Interesting Observations about the After Care of Infantile Paralysis Patients”
Journal of Exceptional Children
(April 1937) 3: 107–112; see also Kendall and Kendall
Care During the Recovery Period in Paralytic Poliomyelitis
.

24.
Lawrence “Florence Kendall: What a Wonderful Journey,” 36–45; Maude W. Baum “Convalescent Poliomyelitis Cases: Moving Picture Demonstration of Their Examination, Protection, and Treatment”
Physiotherapy Review
(1939) 19: 31–32; Kendall, interview with Rogers, April 26 1999. The film was sent to Italy to help Benito Mussolini's daughter Maria when she was paralyzed by polio; Kendall “Sister Elizabeth Kenny Revisited,” 362.

25.
For critiques of the Kendalls' work see Krusen
Physical Medicine
, 592–593; K. G. Hansson “Present Status of Physical Therapy in Anterior Poliomyelitis”
Physiotherapy Review
(1942) 22: 3–5.

26.
H. R. McCarroll and C. H. Crego, Jr. “An Evaluation of Physiotherapy in Early Treatment of Anterior Poliomyelitis”
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(1941) 23: 856–861. They probably read F. H. Mills “Treatment of Acute Poliomyelitis: An Analysis of Sister Kenny's Methods”
British Medical Journal
(January 22 1938) 1: 168–170.

27.
Kendall “Sister Elizabeth Kenny Revisited,” 362–363; Henry Kendall to Henry Pope, April 2 1940, Kendall Collection. Florence Kendall became convinced that the St. Louis study had been deliberately done to discredit the Kendall method; Kendall, interview with Rogers, April 26 1999.

28.
Pohl to [Henry] Kendall, January 10 1941, Kendall Collection.

29.
Kenny to Dear Mr. O'Connor, October 11 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K.

30.
Kenny “Data Concerning Introduction of Kenny Concept and Method of Treatment of Infantile Paralysis [1944],” Board of Directors, MHS-K; Kenny to Luddy and Cooper [Brisbane clinic], October 8 1941, Scrapbook, OM 65-17, 2/3, Chuter Papers, Oxley-SLQ.

31.
Kenny with Ostenso
And They Shall Walk
, 228–229.

32.
Kenny to Dr. Bennett, January 28 1941, Kendall Collection.

33.
Kenny “Paper Read at the Northwestern Pediatric Conference, Nov. 14, 1940, Saint Paul University Club.” Note that Lovett had died in 1924, Legg in 1939, and Jones in 1933.

34.
Henry O. Kendall and Florence P. Kendall “Report to the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis on The Sister Kenny Method of Treatment in Anterior Poliomyelitis,” Revised March 21 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K, 2.

35.
Kenny to Dear Mr. O'Connor, October 11 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K.

36.
Kenny “Paper Read at the Northwestern Pediatric Conference, Nov. 14, 1940, Saint Paul University Club.”

37.
[Kenny] “Orthodox and Kenny System of Treatment of Poliomyelitis: Analysis of Principles Upon Which Systems are Founded,” [1940] Series A-1928, 802/17/Section 3, AA- ACT.

38.
Kenny to Dr. Bennett, January 28 1941, Kendall Collection.

39.
Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 6.

40.
Plastridge “Report of Observation,” 6.

41.
Florence did not “remember seeing her smile”; Henry thought she was a quack who had “found herself a nice position”; Kendall, interview with Rogers, April 27 1999.

42.
Kenny to Dear Mr. O'Connor, October 11 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K; Kenny with Ostenso
And They Shall Walk
, 230.

43.
Florence Kendall and Henry Kendall “Our Notes” (January 19–21 1941), Kendall Collection; Kenny with Ostenso
And They Shall Walk
, 231.

44.
Kenny to Dr. Bennett, January 28 1941, Kendall Collection. Kenny later told O'Connor that “unfortunately, Mr. Kendall took control of this demonstration figuratively and gave to the audience his own explanation”; Kenny to Dear Mr. O'Connor, October 11, 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K.

45.
Plastridge “Report of Observation,” 7; Kenny to Dear Mr. O'Connor, October 11 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K.

46.
Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 2.

47.
Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 3; for a recollection of Henry's outburst see Kendall, interview with Rogers, April 27 1999.

48.
Kenny to Dear Mr. O'Connor, October 11 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K; Kendall and Kendall, “Report,” 3; Kendall, interview with Rogers, April 27 1999.

49.
C. E. Irwin “Early Orthopedic Care in Poliomyelitis”
JAMA
(July 26 1941) 117: 280–282.

50.
Plastridge “Report of Observation,” 1; Miss Plastridge to Dr. Irwin Memorandum: In re: Trip to Observe Work of Sister Kenny, March 15 1941, Kendall Collection.

51.
Plastridge to Irwin Memorandum, 1941.

52.
Henry M. Haverstock To Whom It May Concern, September 4 1940, Public Relations, MOD-K; Kenny with Ostenso
And They Shall Walk
, 225–227; and see Alexander on Pohl and Haverstock's memories of this case,
Maverick
, 118–119.

53.
Plastridge to Irwin Memorandum, 1941.

54.
Robert M. Yoder “Healer from the Outback”
Saturday Evening Post
(January 17 1942) 214: 18–19, 68, 70; Kenny with Ostenso
And They Shall Walk
, 227; Gould
Summer Plague
, 96–98; John F. Pohl “The Kenny Treatment of Anterior Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis): Report of First Cases Treated in America”
JAMA
(April 25 1942) 118: 1428–1433.

55.
Plastridge “Report of Observation,” 8, 10.

56.
Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 7–8, 10.

57.
Plastridge “Report of Observation,” 7.

58.
Plastridge to Irwin Memorandum, 1941; Plastridge “Report of Observation,” 2, 8, 10.

59.
Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 1-2, 4. Plastridge had also noted that Kenny seemed to have only vague reports about her patients such as “patient could not put chin on chest” or “patient could not raise right arm”; Plastridge “Report of Observation,” 7. “There may have been more to her written records,” Plastridge noted, “but we did not see them.” Note that physical medicine experts noted that many hospital departments of physical therapy did not keep “adequate records”; Krusen
Physical Medicine
, 782.

60.
Kendall and Kendall “Our Notes,” Kendall Collection. Florence Kendall later said that she and her husband had asked to see the hospital patient records, and were told that Kenny “had them at home.” Other visitors, she claimed, “have become aware that S.K.'s statistics are based on selected cases. She refuses to treat those which she knows are hopeless”; [Florence Kendall] Notes for Talk to Nurses, St Agnes Hospital, April 28 1944, Kendall Collection.

61.
Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 12–13.

62.
Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 2.

63.
Plastridge “Report of Observation,” 2; Kendall, interview with Rogers, April 27 1999.

64.
Kendall and Kendall “Our Notes.”

65.
Plastridge “Report of Observation,” 5.

66.
Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 7–13.

67.
“S.K.'s work should be limited to the giving [of] the heat treatments”; Kendall and Kendall “Our Notes.”; Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 2.

68.
Kendall and Kendall “Report,” 6.

69.
James S. Pooler “Fishbein Denies Unfairness Was Shown Sister Kenny”
Detroit Free Press
April 2 1945.

70.
Florence Kendall to Catherine Worthingham, May 13 1941, Kendall Collection; Catherine Worthingham to Florence Kendall, May 28 1941, Kendall Collection.

71.
Catherine Worthingham to Director, Sister Kenny's Clinic, July 28 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K.

72.
Kenny to Dear Miss Worthingham, August 4 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K.

73.
Kenny to O'Connor, August 19 1941 Public Relations, MOD-K.

74.
Emil Roy Rosner [president of the New York State Society of Physio-Therapists] to Dear Colleagues [at Children's Hospital School], November 24 1941, Kendall Collection.

75.
Diehl to Dear Sister Kenny, January 27 1941, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K.

76.
Robert M. Yoder “Healer from the Outback”
Saturday Evening Post
(January 17 1942) 214: 70.

77.
“New Technique for Paralysis Cases Accepted”
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin
October 18 1942.

78.
Kenny with Ostenso
And They Shall Walk
, 233–239.

79.
Kenny to Dear Dr. Diehl, September 5 1941, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K.

80.
Kenny to Dear Dr. Pye, June 25 1941, Kenny Collection, Fryer Library; Miland E. Knapp to Dear Doctor Diehl, March 10 1944, Am 15.8, folder 1, [accessed in 1992 before re-cataloging], UMN-ASC; see also Kenny to Chuter June 25 1941, Scrapbook, OM 65-17, 2/3, Chuter Papers, Oxley-SLQ.

81.
Catherine Quealy “Foundation OK's Fund for Polio Clinic at ‘U' ”
Minneapolis Star-Journal
June 5 1941.

82.
“Sister Kenny's Patient Gets Big Thrill in Walk to Table”
Minneapolis Star-Journal
June 12 1941.

83.
Wallace H. Cole and Miland E. Knapp “The Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis: A Preliminary Report”
JAMA
(June 7 1941) 116: 2577–2580; “Treatment for Polio”
Time
(June 23 1941) 37: 73.

84.
“Kenny Paralysis Treatment Approved by U.S. Medicine”
New York Times
December 5 1941.

85.
Frank D. Campion
The A.M.A. and U.S. Health Policy since 1940
(Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 114–130; see also Allen G. Debus “A Tribute to Morris Fishbein”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
(1977) 51: 153–154.

86.
Miland E. Knapp “Commentary” in John F. Pohl and Elizabeth Kenny,
The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis and Its Treatment
(Minneapolis: Bruce Publishing Co., 1943), 344.

87.
Knapp to Dear Frank [Krusen], March 11 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K.

88.
Philip Stimson to Dear Joe [Stokes], December 3 1941, Box 2, Folder 2; Correspondence re Medical Talks, Philip Stimson Papers, Medical Center Archives, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, New York; Pohl “The Kenny Treatment of Anterior Poliomyelitis,” 1428–1433.

89.
[Preface] Cole and Knapp “The Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis: A Preliminary Report,” 2577.

90.
Cole and Knapp “The Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis: A Preliminary Report,” 2578.

91.
“Treatment for Polio”
Time
(June 23 1941) 37: 73.

92.
Kenny to Dear Mr. O'Connor, August 4 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K. See also her comments that the report by Cole and Knapp in
JAMA
“was cut down a bit by a Dr that knows nothing about the work”; Kenny to Chuter, June 25 1941, Scrapbook, OM 65-17, 2/3, Chuter Papers, Oxley-SLQ.

93.
Kenny to Dear Sir [O'Connor], June 13 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K; and see Kenny to Dear Dr. Diehl, September 5 1941, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K.

94.
Kenny to Dear Sir [O'Connor], June 13 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K.

95.
Kenny to Dear Sir [O'Connor], June 13 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K; and see Kenny to Dear Dr. Diehl, September 5 1941, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K.

96.
“2 Nurses to Aid Sister Kenny in Treatment of Polio Cases”
Minneapolis Star-Journal
June 5 1941; “ ‘U' Polio Nurse Back from Australia”
Minneapolis Star-Journal
May 21 1941, Kendall Collection; Catherine Quealy “Foundation OK's Fund for Polio Clinic at ‘U' ”
Minneapolis Star-Journal
June 5 1941; “Selected Students to Learn Sister Kenny's Polio Method”
Minneapolis Daily Times
June 6 1941.

97.
Kenny to Dear Sir [O'Connor], June 13 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. O'Connor, August 4 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K; Kenny to Dear Sir [Editor,
Minneapolis Star-Journal
], August 30 1941, Minneapolis Newspapers 1941–1948, MHS-K.