Polio Wars (43 page)

260.
W. Lloyd Aycock to Dear Amo [Harold L. Amoss], June 7 1943, Box 1, Folder 43, Aycock Papers, Countway Library, Harvard Medical School.

261.
Leona Alberts Wassersug “Prostigmine: A New Wonder Drug”
American Mercury
(May 1945) 60: 599–605.

262.
Paul de Kruif
Life Among the Doctors
(New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1949), 179, 306–308; see also “Medicine: Help for Spastics”
Time
(August 5 1946) 48: 57; de Kruif “Many Will Rise and Walk”
Reader's Digest
(February 1946) 48: 79–82.

263.
Herman Kabat and Miland E. Knapp “The Use of Prostigmine in the Treatment of Poliomyelitis”
JAMA
(August 7 1943) 122: 989–995; Herman Kabat and Miland E. Knapp “The Mechanism of Muscle Spasm in Poliomyelitis”
Journal of Pediatrics
(February 1944)
24: 123–137; Howard W. Blakeslee “Epidemics Offer Sound Test for Sister Kenny Treatment”
Washington Post
October 3 1943; G. B. Lal “Prostigmine Treatment Benefits Polio Victims”
Washington Post
August 10 1943.

264.
Miland E. Knapp “Commentary” in Pohl and Kenny
The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis
, 350; on Kabat's work discussed at the House subcommittee on aid for crippling disease see “New Drugs Used to Aid Crippled”
New York Times
November 30 1944. On the 5-year grant for $175,000 approved to study “Physiological Problems Concerned with the Mechanism of the Disease Process and the Methods of Treatment of Infantile Paralysis” see Diehl “Summary;” see also “ ‘U' Granted $175,000 for Polio Study”
Minneapolis Daily Times
October 13 1943.

265.
de Kruif
Life Among the Doctors
, 310–314.

266.
“Spastic Diseases Institute Open”
Los Angeles Times
November 13 1948; see also de Kruif
Life Among the Doctors
, 306–307, 325–328; Rickey Hendricks
A Model for National Health Care: The History of Kaiser Permanente
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1993); “Three Paralysis Victims Show Therapy Methods”
Los Angeles Times
July 5 1951. The proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) method Kabat later developed became popular among physical therapists and athletic trainers.

267.
A.E. Bennett “The Introduction of Curare into Clinical Medicine”
American Scientist
(1946) 34: 424–431; Michael S. Burman “Curare Therapy for the Release of Muscle Spasm and Rigidity in Spastic Paralysis and Dystonia Musculorum Deformans”
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(July 1938) 20: 754–756; see also Lawrence K. Altman
Who Goes First? The Story of Self-Experimentation in Medicine
(New York: Random House, 1987), 74–85; K. Bryn Thomas
Curare: Its History and Usage
(London: Pitman Medical, 1964).

268.
Nicholas S. Ransohoff “Curare in the Acute Stage of Poliomyelitis: Preliminary Report”
JAMA
(September 8 1945) 129: 129–130; see also Ransohoff “Treatment of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis with Curare and Intensive Physical Therapy”
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
(1947) 23: 661–669; J. D. Ratcliff “Poison For Polio”
Colliers
(September 28 1946) 118: 72, 76–77. Ransohoff, a 1919 graduate of Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons, was an attending surgeon at New York's Hospital for Joint Diseases and chief orthopedic surgeon at the Monmouth Memorial Hospital in Long Branch, New Jersey; “Nicholas S. Ransohoff 1895–1951”
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(1951) 33: 817. On the special myograph machine that Ransohoff built to give a visual picture of spasm see Fred J. Cook “Walks Away From Polio Deathbed”
New York World-Telegram
April 29 1948.

269.
Scott M. Smith, letter to editor,
JAMA
(November3 1945) 129: 707.

270.
Ratcliff “Poison for Polio,” 72, 76–77.

271.
Fred J. Cook “New Polio Treatment Waits Tests”
New York World-Telegram
April 30 1948. See also Kenny's comment that “It will be rather amusing, as it is today, when I see all the arguments about the better way to treat spasm and remember how I was ridiculed when I said the condition of spasm existed”; Kenny to Dear Mr. Chuter, November 9 1945, Box 3, Folder 12, OM 65-17, Chuter Papers, Oxley-SLQ.

272.
Kenny [Paper May 1943], Louisiana 1943–1944, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. O'Connor, January 21 1944, Public Relations, MOD-K.

273.
Arthur L. Watkins, Mary A. B. Brazier, and Robert S. Schwab “Concepts of Muscle Dysfunction in Poliomyelitis Based on Electromyographic Studies”
JAMA
(September 25 1943) 123: 188–192.

274.
R. Plato Schwartz, Harry D. Bouman, and Wilbur K. Smith “The Significance of Muscle Spasm”
JAMA
(November 11 1944) 126: 695–702.

275.
Kenny [Paper May 1943].

276.
“Research Reveals ‘Anxiety Chemical' ”
New York Times
May 28 1943; Joseph Moldaver “Physiopathologic Aspect of the Disorders of Muscles in Infantile Paralysis: Preliminary Report”
JAMA
(1943) 123: 74–77; “Kenny Theory Doubted”
Science News Letter
(September 18 1943) 44: 183; “Medicine: Polio Polemic”
Time
(September 27 1943) 42: 60.

277.
W. B. Dublin, B. A. Bede, and B. A. Brown “Pathologic Findings in Nerve and Muscle in Poliomyelitis”
American Journal of Clinical Pathology
(May 1944) 14 [abstract] in “Current Medical Literature”
JAMA
(September 16 1944) 126: 192.

278.
“Medical Professor Backs Kenny Method” [
Minneapolis Star-Journal
[1943], Scrapbooks, 1945 [sic]–1952, Henry Papers, MHS.

279.
Kenny to W. C. Higginbotham, November 22 1943 W. C. Higginbotham, 1942–1946, MHS-K.

280.
“Sister Kenny Makes Reply: Answers Criticism in AMA Article”
Minneapolis Morning Star-Journal
[reprinted in]
The A-V
(October 1943) 51: 137.

281.
“Medicine: Polio Polemic,” 58.

282.
W. C. Higginbotham to Dear Sir [Basil O'Connor], September 24 1943, Higginbotham File, Thomas Rivers Papers, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

283.
Nicholas S. Ransohoff “Experiences with the Kenny Treatment for Acute Poliomyelitis in the Epidemic of 1942, Monmouth and Ocean Counties, New Jersey”
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(January 1944) 26: 99–102.

284.
Richard Kovacs ed.
The 1943 Year Book of Physical Therapy
(Chicago: Year Book Publishers, 1944), 265.

285.
Dr. Eliot to Dr. Van Horn Memorandum, June 2 1943, Record Group 102, Children's Bureau, Central File, Box 102, 4-5-16-1, Infantile Paralysis, National Archives.

286.
Harold S. Diehl to Dear Doctor Knapp, June 15 1943, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K; Diehl to Dear Doctor Knapp, October 12 1943, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K.

287.
Diehl to Dear Sister Kenny, December 1 1943, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K; William A. O'Brien to Dear Dr. Diehl, February 9 1944, Public Relations, MOD-K; see also O'Connor to My Dear Dr. Diehl, June 21 1943, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K.

288.
Diehl to Dear Sister Kenny, December 1 1943, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K; Diehl to Dear Doctor Knapp, October 12 1943.

289.
Diehl “Summary.”

290.
Kenny to Dear Dr. Diehl, June 21 1943.

291.
In 1942 officials at the University of Minnesota had floated the idea of Kenny speaking at the university's convocation, pointing out that “she is certainly a striking figure to see” and that “the students would be interested in her story.” Harold Diehl asked Cole and Knapp “their opinion,” and nothing came of it. Indeed Kenny was never given an honorary degree by that university. Malcolm M. Willey to Dear H. S. Diehl, Memorandum, June 2 1942, [accessed in 1992 before recent re-cataloging], Am 15.8, Folder 4, UMN-ASC; Diehl to Gentlemen [Cole and Knapp], June 4 1942, [accessed in 1992 before recent re-cataloging], Am 15.8, Folder 4, UMN-ASC.

292.
Unnamed article,
New York Times
June 10 1943, Chuter Scrapbook, OM 65-17, Box 2, Folder 3, Chuter Papers, Oxley-SLQ.

293.
Clare Dennison “Citation: Elizabeth Kenny for the Honorary Degree Doctor of Science, The University of Rochester, May 2 1943,” Folder 37, Alan Valentine Papers, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester.

294.
Alan Valentine “Citation: Elizabeth Kenny for the Honorary Degree Doctor of Science, The University of Rochester, May 2 1943,” Folder 37, Alan Valentine Papers, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester; C. Chuter to Dear Mr. Smith, November 13 1944, Box 3, Folder 12, OM 65-17, Chuter Papers, Oxley-SLQ.

295.
Kenny altered her earlier prohibition of lipstick; Mary Kenny recalled that she had “teased her, and she said well, I photograph better”; [Cohn interview with] Mary and Stuart McCracken, April 14 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; see also [Cohn interview with staff of Queen Mary's Hospital for Children, Carshalton] Richard Metcalfe, August 29 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

296.
Chuter to Dear Sister Kenny, June 29 1943.

297.
“Sister Kenny”
[Sydney] People Magazine
June 20 1951, 4; [Cohn interview with] Valerie Harvey, March 19 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

298.
Joe Savage to Dear Mr. Dayton, August 29 1947, Public Relations, MOD-K.

299.
“Tibbett's Son a Kenny Patient”
New York Times
May 6 1943; Kenny to Dear Dr. Diehl, June 21 1943. For the claim that Tibbett contributed funds to the Institute and later the Kenny Foundation see Hertzel Weinstat and Bert Wechsler
Dear Rogue: A Biography of the American Baritone Lawrence Tibbett
(Portland: Amadeus Press, 1996), 165–169; Tibbett's wife Jane was later involved in fundraising for the Kenny Foundation; see “Norma Heads Kenny Appeal”
New York Times
November 19 1945.

300.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Stryker, April 7 1943, Government-Misc., 1943–1951, MHS-K; Jack Delano, Farm Security Administration, Office of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress:
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=jack%20delano%20kenny
, accessed June 12 2013.

301.
Yoder “Healer from the Outback,” 68.

302.
John B. Davies “Sister Kenny Triumphs in America”
Australian Women's Weekly
(March 6 1943) 10: 9.

303.
Margaret Buell Wilder “Noted Nurse Gives Hope To Stricken”
Los Angeles Examiner
[March] 1943, Clippings, MHS-K.

304.
Jean Barrett “Her 30 Years War Made Sister Kenny Belligerent”
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin
April 22 1943.

On the use of the media by government and philanthropic groups in the early and mid-twentieth century see Allan M. Brandt
No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Georgina D. Feldberg
Disease and Class: Tuberculosis and the Shaping of Modern North American Society
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995); Evelynn Maxine Hammonds
Childhood's Deadly Scourge: The Campaign to Control Diphtheria in New York City, 1880–1930
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Bert Hansen
Picturing Medical Progress from Pasteur to Polio: A History of Mass Media Images and Popular Attitudes in America
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009); Philip D. Jordan
The People's Health: A History of Public Health in Minnesota to 1948
(St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1953); James T. Patterson
The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Suzanne Poirier
Chicago's War on Syphilis, 1937–1940: The Times, the “Trib,” and the Clap Doctor (with an Epilogue on Issues and Attitudes in the Time of AIDS)
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995); Richard H. Shryock
National Tuberculosis Association, 1904–1954: A Study of the Voluntary Health Movement in the United States
(New York: National Tuberculosis Association, 1957); John W. Ward and Christopher Warren eds.
Silent Victories. The History and Practice of Public Health in Twentieth-Century America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007); Jacqueline H. Wolf
Don't Kill Your Baby: Public Health and the Decline of Breastfeeding in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001).

On the history of therapeutic change see Erwin H. Ackerknecht
Therapeutics from the Primitives to the 20th century
(New York: Hafner Press, 1973); Sydney A. Halpern
Lesser Harms: The Morality of Risk in Medical Research
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Harry M. Marks
The Progress of Experiment: Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, 1900–1990
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Morris J. Vogel and Charles E. Rosenberg eds.
The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979); John Harley Warner
The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge and Identity in America, 1820–1885,
2nd ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).

Of the history of drugs see Robert Bud
Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); Jeremy A. Greene
Prescribing By Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Disease
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007); John E. Lesch
The First Miracle Drugs: How the Sulfa Drugs Transformed Medicine
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); Elizabeth Siegel Watkins and Andrea Tone eds.
Medicating Modern America: Prescription Drugs in History
(New York: New York University Press, 2007).