Power Foods for the Brain (33 page)

Hoisin sauce
 Found in the Asian aisle of grocery stores, hoisin sauce is a traditional Chinese dipping sauce.

Hummus
 A traditional Middle Eastern dish, this puree of chickpeas, tahini (sesame butter), garlic, and various flavorings serves as a breakfast food, sandwich filling, or dip. You will find it at most grocery stores.

Jicama
 Jicama is a large root that tastes a bit like an apple or pear. It can be added to salads or cut into sticks and served with dip.

Pepitas
 Pepitas are pumpkin seeds that usually are lightly roasted and used as a garnish.

Plantains
 Plantains are the fruit that make you do a double take in the produce aisle. They look like bananas but are a bit larger and firmer. Like bananas, they develop spots as they ripen.

Seitan
 Seitan (pronounced
SAY-tan
) is concentrated wheat protein, also called wheat gluten. It simulates a meaty texture in burgers and stir-fries. You will see it as an ingredient in commercial products and sold in shapes resembling meat at health food stores ready for you to add to dishes.

Soy sauce (low-sodium)
 Because most soy sauces are high in sodium, many companies provide brands that are modestly lower in sodium.

Tamari
 Many people prefer the rich flavor of tamari to other soy sauces. Unlike other varieties, tamari contains little or no wheat.

Tempeh
 Tempeh (pronounced
TEM-pay
) is made from soybeans that are fermented in a sturdy block. Sliced and marinated, it’s a great substitute for hamburger, bacon, or sausage. It is found in health food stores.

Tofu
 Once known only to people in Asia, tofu is now available just about everywhere. Straight from the package, it is very
much like cooked egg white. In your kitchen, it is extremely versatile, transforming into great substitutes for scrambled eggs, meat, cheese, and many other ingredients. You will find it in the produce aisle or in the refrigerator case, sold in water-packed boxes or convenient shelf-stable boxes.

Tomatillos
 As their name suggests, tomatillos are like little green tomatoes. They are used in Mexican sauces and salads.

Tomatoes, fire-roasted
 Roasted tomatoes add a special flavor to any dish you put them in. They are sold canned and are convenient to use.

Tomatoes, sun-dried
 Usually sold in the produce section, sun-dried tomatoes are a delicious addition to sauces, salads, and pizzas.

Whole-wheat pastry flour
 You might think it is only for pastries, but whole-wheat pastry flour has a fine texture that makes it perfect as a thickener and also as the basis for making flatbreads. It is available at health food stores and specialty markets.

1
. Epstein B.
A Cellarful of Noise
. Pocket Books, New York, 1967, 1998.

1
. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer’s Association workgroup.
Alzheimers Dement
. 2011;7:270–79.

2
. de Jager CA, Oulhaj A, Jacoby R, Refsum H, Smith AD. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry
. 2011; Jul 21. doi: 10.1002/gps.2758. [Epub ahead of print]

3
. Jean L, Bergeron ME, Thivierge S, Simard M. Cognitive intervention programs for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: Systematic review of the literature.
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry
. 2010;18:281–96.

4
. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association workgroup.
Alzheimers Dement
. 2011;7:263–69.

5
. Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, et al. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium.
JAMA
. 1997;278:1349–56.

6
. Graff-Radford NR, Green RC, Go RC, et al. Association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease in African American subjects.
Arch Neurol
. 2002;59:594–600.

7
. Buchman AS, Leurgans SE, Nag S, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. Cerebrovascular disease pathology and parkinsonian signs in old age.
Stroke
. 2011;42:3183–89.

1
. Lovell MA, Robertson JD, Teesdale WJ, Campbell JL, Markesbery WR. Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer’s disease senile plaques.
J Neurol Sci
. 1998;158:47–52.

2
. Stankiewicz JM, Brass SD. Role of iron in neurotoxicity: A cause for concern in the elderly?
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care
. 2009;12:22–29.

3
. Salustri C, Barbati G, Ghidoni R, et al. Is cognitive function linked to serum free copper levels?: A cohort study in a normal population.
Clin Neurophysiol
. 2010;121:502–7.

4
. Lam PK, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Plasma trace elements and cognitive function in older men and women: The Rancho Bernardo study.
J Nutrition
. 2008;12:22–27.

5
. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, et al. Dietary copper and high saturated and trans fat intakes associated with cognitive decline.
Arch Neurol
. 2006a;63:1085–88.

6
. Brewer GJ. The risks of copper toxicity contributing to cognitive decline in the aging population and to Alzheimer’s disease.
J Am Coll Nutr
. 2009;28:238–42.

7
. Schiepers OJ, van Boxtel MP, de Groot RH, et al. Serum iron parameters, HFE C282Y genotype, and cognitive performance in older adults: Results from the FACIT study.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
. 2010;65:1312–21.

8
. Shah RC, Wilson RS, Tang Y, Dong X, Murray A, Bennett DA. Relation of hemoglobin to level of cognitive function in older persons.
Neuroepidemiology
. 2009;32:40–46.

9
. Shah RC, Buchman AS, Wilson RS, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA. Hemoglobin level in older persons and incident Alzheimer disease: Prospective cohort analysis.
Neurology
. 2011;77:219–26.

10
. Huang X, Cuajungco MP, Atwood CS, Moir RD, Tanzi RE, Bush AI. Alzheimer’s disease, beta-amyloid protein and zinc.
J Nutr
. 2000;130:1488S–92S.

11
. Watt NT, Whitehouse IJ, Hooper NM. The role of zinc in Alzheimer’s disease.
Int J Alzheimers Dis
. 2011;971021.

12
. Smith MA, Harris PLR, Sayre LM, Perry G. Iron accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease is a source of redox-generated free radicals. Proc Nat Acad Sciences of the United States of America. 1997;94:9866–68.

13
. Environmental Protection Agency. Basic information about copper in drinking water. Internet:
http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/copper.cfm
, accessed October 3, 2011.

14
. Hunt JR. Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2003;78(suppl):633S–39S.

15
. Hunt JR, Vanderpool RA. Apparent copper absorption from a vegetarian diet.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2001;74:803–7.

16
. Kadrabová J. Madaric A, Kováciková Z, Ginter E. Selenium status, plasma zinc, copper, and magnesium in vegetarians.
Biol Trace Elem Res
. 1995;50:13–24.

17
. Crapper DR, Kishnan SS, Dalton AJ. Brain aluminum distribution in Alzheimer’s disease and experimental neurofibrillary degeneration.
Science.
1973;180:511–13.

18
. Crapper DR, Krishnan SS, Quittkat S. Aluminium, neurofibrillary degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease.
Brain
. 1976;99:67–80.

19
. Miu AC, Benga O. Aluminum and Alzheimer’s disease: A new look.
J Alzheimer’s Dis
. 2006;10:179–201.

20
. Bolognin S, Messori L, Drago D, Gabbiani C, Cendron L, Zatta P. Aluminum, copper, iron and zinc differentially alter amyloid-Aβ(1-42) aggregation and toxicity.
Int J Biochem Cell Biol
. 2011;43:877–85.

21
. Martyn CN, Osmond C, Edwardson JA, Barker DJP, Harris EC, Lacey RF. Geographical relation between Alzheimer’s disease and aluminium in drinking water.
Lancet
. 1989;333:61–62.

22
. Rondeau V, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Commenges D, Helmer C, Dartigues J-F. Aluminum and silica in drinking water and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease or cognitive decline: Findings from 15-year follow-up of the PAQUID cohort.
Am J Epidemiol
. 2009;169:489–96.

23
. Frecker MF. Dementia in Newfoundland: Identification of a geographical isolate?
J Epidemiol Community Health
. 1991;45:307–11.

24
. Gauthier E, Fortier I, Courchesne F, Pepin P, Mortimer J, Gauvreau D. Aluminum forms in drinking water and risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
Environ Res
. 2000;84:234–46.

25
. Forster DP, Newens AJ, Kay DW, Edwardson JA. Risk factors in clinically diagnosed presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type: A case-control study in northern England.
J Epidemiol Community Health
. 1995;49:253–58.

26
. Taylor GA, Newens AJ, Edwardson JA, Kay DWK, Forster DP. Alzheimer’s disease and the relationship between silicon and aluminum in water supplies in northern England.
J Epidemiol Community Health
. 1995;49:323–28.

27
. Forbes WF, McLachlan DR. Further thoughts on the aluminum-Alzheimer’s disease link.
J Epidemiol Community Health
. 1996;50:401–3.

28
. Doll R. Review: Alzheimer’s disease and environmental aluminum.
Age Ageing
. 1993;22:138–53.

29
. Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s Myths. Internet:
http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_myths_about_alzheimers.asp
, accessed September 16, 2011.

30
. Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M. Link between aluminum and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: The integration of the aluminum and amyloid cascade hypotheses.
Int J Alzheimer’s Dis
. 2011;276393.

31
. Duggan JM, Dickeson JE, Tynan PF, Houghton A, Flynn JE. Aluminum beverage cans as a dietary source of aluminium.
Med J Aust
. 1992;156:604–5.

32
. Saiyed SM, Yokel RA. Aluminium content of some foods and food products in the USA, with aluminium food additives.
Food Addit Contam
. 2005;22:234–44.

33
. Mutter J, Naumann J, Schneider R, Walach H. Mercury and Alzheimer’s disease.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr
. 2007;75:528–38.

34
. Bates MN. Mercury amalgam dental fillings: An epidemiologic assessment.
Int J Hyg Environ Health
. 2006;209:309–16.

35
. Saxe SR, Wekstein MW, Kryscio RJ, et al. Alzheimer’s disease, dental amalgam and mercury.
J Am Dent Assoc
. 1999;130:191–99.

1
. Giem P, Beeson WL, Fraser GE. The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: Preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study.
Neuroepidemiology
1993;12:28–36.

2
. National Cancer Institute. Top food sources of saturated fat among US population, 2005–2006 NHANES. Internet:
http://riskfactor.cancer.gov/diet/foodsources/sat_fat/sf.html
, accessed October 2, 2011.

3
. Morris MC, Evans EA, Bienias JL, et al. Dietary fats and the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease.
Arch Neurol
. 2003;60:194–200.

4
. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. Caloric intake and the risk of Alzheimer disease.
Arch Neurol
. 2002;59:1258–63.

5
. Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Schupf N, et al. Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease.
JAMA
. 2009;302:627–37.

6
. Laitinen MH, Ngandu T, Rovio S, et al. Fat intake at midlife and risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: A population-based study.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord
. 2006;22:99–107.

7
. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A. Diet and risk of dementia: Does fat matter? The Rotterdam Study.
Neurology
. 2002;59:1915–21.

8
. Solomon A, Kivipelto M, Wolozin B, Zhou J, Whitmer RA. Midlife serum cholesterol and increased risk of Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia three decades later.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord
. 2009;28:75–80.

9
. Puglielli L, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM. Alzheimer’s disease: The cholesterol connection.
Nature Neurosci
. 2003;6:345–51.

10
. Anoop S, Anoop M, Meena K, Luthra K. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in cerebrovascular & coronary heart diseases.
Indian J Med Res
. 2010;132:363–78.

11
. Petot GJ, Traore F, Debanne SM, Lerner AJ, Smyth KA, Friedland RP. Interactions of apolipoprotein E genotype and dietary fat intake of healthy older persons during mid-adult life.
Metabolism
. 2003;52:279–81.

12
. McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Passmore P. Statins for the prevention of dementia.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
. 2009;15:CD003160.

13
. Heude B, Ducimetiere P, Berre C, EVA Study. Cognitive decline and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes—The EVA Study.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2003;77:803–8.

14
. Conquer JA, Tierney MC, Zecevic J, Bettger WJ, Fisher RH. Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment.
Lipids
. 2000;35:1305–12.