Queens Consort (78 page)
Authors: Lisa Hilton
2.
Ibid., p.80.
3.
Laynesmith, op.cit., p.84.
4.
See Christine Carpenter,
The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution of England c. 1437—1309
(Cambridge, 1997), pp.92—4.
5.
Erlanger, op. cit., p.113.
6.
Gillingham, op. cit., p.62.
7.
H.M. Colvin,
The History of the King’s Works
Vol. ii (London, 1963) P.936.
8.
Laynesmith, op. cit., p.242.
9.
Cited in Gillingham, op. cit., pp.72—3.
10.
Carpenter, op. cit., p.143.
11.
Gillingham, op. cit., p.116.
12.
London Chronicle
.
13.
Gillingham, op. cit., p.135.
14.
Ibid., p.99.
15.
Carpenter, op. cit., p.113.
CHAPTER 17: ELIZABETH WOODVILLE
1.
Thomas More,
The History of Richard III
.
2.
A.R. Myers (ed.), Introduction to
The Household of Edward IV, p.2
.
3.
Arlene Okerlund,
Elizabeth Wydeville
(Stroud, 2005), p.15.
4.
In their article ‘Most Benevolent Queen’, A. Sutton and L.Visser Fuchs confirm that Elizabeth Woodville was ‘too young ever to have been a lady-in-waiting’.
5.
This view of the marriage is taken by, among others, David Baldwin.
6.
More, op. cit.
7.
Laynesmith, op. cit., p.88.
8.
Luchino Dallaghiexa,
Calendar of State Papers Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan
, No. 131.
9.
David Baldwin,
Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower
(Stroud, 2002), p.41.
10.
Michael Hicks,
Anne Neville, Queen to Richard III
(Stroud, 2006), p.84.
11.
Rows Rolls
No. 62.
12.
Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in England and the Final Recoverye of his Kingdomes from Henry VI
.
13.
Ibid.
14.
Gillingham, op. cit., p.213.
15.
See Agnes Strickland and Okerlund, op. cit.
16.
Erlanger, op. cit., p.243.
17.
Charles Ross,
Edward IV
(1971), p.87.
18.
A. Sutton and L. Visser Fuchs, ‘Most Benevolent Queen’, in
The Ricardian
No. 129, Vol. 10 (June 1995)
1.
Calendar of State Papers Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan
I.
2.
Alison Weir,
The Princes in the Tower
(London, 1992), p.64.
3.
Ibid. p.77.
4.
Gillingham, op. cit., p.223.
5.
Ibid., p.224.
6.
Laynesmith, op.cit., p.90.
7.
Ibid.
8.
Croyland Chronicle
.
9.
Ibid.
10.
Griffiths and Thomas, op. cit., p.92.
11.
Edward Hall,
Chronicle
.
12.
Croyland Chronicle
.
13.
Michael K. Jones and Malcolm J. Underwood,
The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby
(Cambridge, 1992), p.64.
14.
Croyland Chronicle
.
15.
Peter Idley,
Instructions to his Son
, ed. Charlotte d’Evelyn (Modern Languages Association of America, Lancaster PA, 1935), p.31.
16.
Croyland Chronicle
.
17.
Rosemary Horrox, ‘
The History of KRIII(1619)
by Sir George Buck, Master of the Revels’, review in
English Historical Review
No. 382, Vol. 97 (January 1982).
18.
Ibid.
19.
Croyland Chronicle
.
1.
Camden Miscellany
.
2.
Ibid.
3.
Polydore Vergil.
4.
Baldwin, op. cit, p.125.
5.
J. Nichols (ed.),
Wills of the Kings and Queens of England
(London, 1790).
6.
MS Arundel
26, British Library.
7.
Margaret Aston, ‘Death’ in
Fifteenth Century Attitudes,
ed. Horrox, op. cit., p.212.
8.
F.R.H. Du Boulay,
An Age of Ambition: English Society in the Late Middle Ages
(London, 1970)
9.
Jones and Underwood, op. cit., p.161.
10.
Gill, Louise ‘William Caxton and the Revolution of 1483’ in
English Historical Review
No. 445, Vol. 112 (February 1997).
11.
Cited in Belozerskaya, op. cit., p.77.
12.
English Historical Documents 1485—1558
.
13.
Thomas More.
All quotations from ‘Beowulf’ are from Heather O’Donoghue, (ed.) and Kevin Crossley-Holland (trans.)
, Beowulf
(Oxford, 1999). Those from
Morte d’Arthur
are from Eugene Vinaver,
Malory:Works
(Oxford, 1971)
.
1.
Terence McCarthy,
An Introduction to Malory
(Cambridge, 1988).
2.
This reading of the heroic feminine in ‘Beowulf’ is drawn from Stacy S. Klein, ‘Beowulf’ and the Gendering of Heroism’ in Stacy S. Klein,
Ruling Women: Queenship and Gender in Anglo-Saxon Literature
(Notre Dame, IA, 2006), pp.87—123.
3.
Ibid. p.98.
4.
Ibid. p.98.
5.
Peter Clemoes (ed.),
Aelfric’s Catholic Homilies
(Oxford, 1997), p.279.
6.
Klein, op. cit., p.113.
7.
Norbert Elias,
The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners
(Oxford, 1978), p.95.
8.
See Elias, ibid., and J. Huizinga, J., ‘The Violent Tenor of Life’, in J. Huizinga,
The Waning of the Middle Ages
(London, 1955).
9.
Blamires, op. cit., p.231.
10.
Linda E. Mitchell,
Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage and Politics in England 1225—1350
(New York, 2003), p.135.
11.
J.A. McNamara, John E. Halborg and E. Gordon Whatley (eds.),
Sainted Women of the Dark Ages
(Durham, NC, 1992), p.70.
12.
P.A. Lee, ‘Reflections of Power: Margaret of Anjou and the Dark Side of Queenship’, in
Renaissance Quarterly
29 (1986).
13.
P.J.C. Field, ‘The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory’, in
Arthurian Studies
No. 6 (1993).
14.
Ibid., p.143.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly I would like to thank Claire Norton, who permitted me to begin this book in her beautiful library in the French countryside, and her father, the late Colin Gordon, for his tremendously generous gift of the original editions of Agnes Strickland’s works. Pascal Marichalar in Paris, Mañuel Sagastibelza Beraza in Pamplona and Dr Sally Connolly in Houston were all most generous and helpful in suggesting research materials. I am grateful to the director of the Archivio Statale in Milan for permitting me to see some extremely rare material, to Dr Christopher Tyerman of Oxford University for prompt and constructive advice, to Dr Dorian of the British Library, Professor Kinch Hoekstra at Berkeley, Lady Antonia Fraser, for her continued encouragement and interest and Mr Bashir Malik of HSBC, whose eleventh-hour intervention saved the whole project. Many thanks also to Nicole Martinelli in Milan for bad babysitting.
My agent, Michael Alcock, and Alan Samson at Weidenfeld & Nicolson have as ever been fantastically kind, and I am particularly grateful to Caroline North, who agreed to work with me for a third time.
This book could never have been finished had it not been for the patience and endless support of my parents-in-law, Vittorio and Patrizia Moro.
INDEX
abbeys, foundation and patronage of,
26
Aberystwyth,
348
Abingdon, Edmund of,
176
Abingdon Chronicle
,
51
Accord, Act of (1460),
351
Adam, Thomas,
337
Adela, Countess of Blois,
25
,
37
,
38
,
39
,
55
,
56
68
,
75
,
111
Adela, daughter of King of France,
17
,
18—19
Adeliza of Louvain (Henry I’s queen),
47
,
55
,
330
; marriage to Henry I,
60
; appearance,
61
; coronation,
61
; charters signed,
61—2
,
64
; and literature,
63
; payment of ‘queens-gold’,
63
; children, lack of, by Henry,
64
,
69
; court,
62
; landholdings,
64
; patronages,
64
; and stepdaughter Matilda,
65
,
78
,
79
,
81
; relationship with Henry,
65—6
; and death of Henry,
66
; marriage to and children by William d’Aubigne,
66
; in Afflighem abbey,
66
; invites brother Joscelin to England,
78
; death of,
66—7
Ademar, Count of Angoulême,
143
,
144
,
145—6
,
147
‘administrative kingship’,
62—3
Aelfgifu,
24
Aelfric,
421
Aelfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great,
23
Aelred,
197
Aethelred, King of England,
23
Aethulwulf, King of the West Saxons,
23
Afflighem abbey,
66
Agatha, daughter of William and Matilda,
37
Agatha, widow of Edward Atheling,
34
Agatha, wife of Edmund Ironside,
40
Agincourt, battle of (1415),
250
,
314—5
Aicough, William, bishop of Salisbury,
338
,
340
,
342
Aigue-Mortes,
192
Aimery de Thouars,
147
Alan the Black,
43
Alan the Red, Count of Richmond,
42
,
43
Alba,
269—70
Albany, Duke of,
329
Alberic of Ostia,
77
Alcoba, Pedro de,
317
Aldemstone,
266
Aldred, Archbishop,
33
Alençon, Jean, Duke d’,
308
,
315
Alençon, siege of,
20
Aleppo,
105
Alexander, archdeacon of Salisbury,
63
Alexander III of Scotland,
158
,
173
,
186
Alexander IV, Pope,
177
Alfonso, son of Edward I and Eleanor,
194
,
195
,
201
Alfonso VIII of Castile,
121
,
146
,
155
,
175
Alfonso X of Castile,
175
,
176
,
196
,
197
Alfred, son of Aethelred,
23
,
24
Alice, daughter of Hugh de Lusignan and Isabelle,
170
,
185
Alix, daughter of Louis VII and Eleanor,
107
,
110
,
111
Alnwick Castle,
366
Alsace, Thierry of,
70
Alton, treaty of (1101),
50
Alys of France,
111
,
113
,
117
,
119
,
120
,
121
,
123
,
127
Ambléou, John d’,
177
Amboise,
370
Amesbury,
113
,
187—8
; convent,
207
Amiens,
325
Amiens, Mise of (1264),
182
anchorites,
74
Ancrene Riwle
,
74
André (debtor in Le Mans),
138
Angevin empire,
112
Angevins,
76
,
88
,
90
,
108—9
; knights,
78
Anglesey,
327
Anglesey, Robin of,
331
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The
,
24
,
25
,
35
,
40
,
46
,
70
; ‘D’ version,
32—3
Angoulême, Alice of,
151
Angoulême, Charles, Count of,
302
Anne, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville,
376
,
387
,
396
,
407
,
409
,
410