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Authors: Plato
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POLEMARCHUS
POLIS
[INDEPENDENT CITY-STATE]
[INDEPENDENT CITY-STATE]
see also ATHENS, ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY; IDEAL STATE, PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
POLITICAL CLUBS [“BROTHERHOODS”] (in classical Athens)
POLUS
POVERTY,
see also WEALTH; PRIVATE PROPERTY; DRONES
PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS]
three in the ideal state
three in the human soul
correspondence between principles [elements] in the state and in the soul,
PRIVATE PROPERTY
see also WEALTH; POVERTY; IDEAL STATE, PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF; GUARDIANS; STRIFE/DISUNITY; UNITY;
PLEONEXIA
PLEONEXIA
PRODICUS
PROFIT [PERSONAL ADVANTAGE, SELF-INTEREST]
see also HAPPINESS; JUSTICE; PHILOSOPHY; PHILOSOPHERS; PLEASURE;
PLEONEXIA
PLEONEXIA
PROTAGORAS
PUNISHMENT
see also AFTERLIFE; DEATH; JUSTICE, CORRECTIVE; REWARDS
PYTHAGORAS, PYTHAGOREANS, PYTHAGOREAN SCHOOL
PYTHIA, PYTHIAN ORACLE—see APOLLO; DELPHI
RRATIONAL PRINCIPLE [ELEMENT], REASON (as distinct from SPIRIT and the APPETITIVE ELEMENT in the soul),
RATIONAL RECKONING-See LOGOS; also DIALECTIC; PHILOSOPHY; PHILOSOPHERS
REINCARNATION,
REWARDS
for rulers,
for guardians,
for being just
for seeming just,
see also AFTERLIFE; ER, MYTH OF; HONOR, HONORS; PLEASURE; PUNISHMENT
RELIGION, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
in Athens and Greece
in the ideal state
RHETORIC [
RHETORIKÊ
], RHETORICIANS
RHETORIKÊ
], RHETORICIANS
see also SOPHISTS
ROYAL [KINGLY] CONSTITUTION AND INDIVIDUAL—see ARISTOCRACY; ARISTOCRATIC INDIVIDUAL
RULERS [GOLD CLASS]
see also GUARDIANS; PHILOSOPHER; PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS] (in the ideal state); GOOD, IDEA OF
SSAPPHO
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND SPECULATION (in the archaic and classical periods)
SELECTION
of future guardians,
of future philosophers,
see also EDUCATION; NATURAL ABILITY, NATURE
SEXUAL DESIRE—see
EROS/
EROTIC DESIRE; HOMOEROTIC RELATIONSHIPS; TYRANNY, TYRANT
EROS/
EROTIC DESIRE; HOMOEROTIC RELATIONSHIPS; TYRANNY, TYRANT
SHIP OF STATE (as metaphor),
see also HELMSMEN/PILOTS; TECHNICAL EXPERTISE
[TECHNÊ],
PROFESSIONALS WITH; ANALOGIES
[TECHNÊ],
PROFESSIONALS WITH; ANALOGIES
SICILY—see SYRACUSE
SIGHT (as metaphor for knowledge, wisdom)
philosophers as “lovers of the vision of the truth,”
see also BLINDNESS; CAVE, ALLEGORY OF; COGNITION, FACULTIES OF; SUN, SIMILE OF
SIMONIDES
SILVER CLASS (in the ideal state)—see AUXILIARIES; PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS] (in the ideal state)
SIRENS,
SLAVES
in Athens and other Greek city-states
in the ideal state
SOCRATES, xxx-xxxiii
SOCRATICS, SOCRATIC CIRCLE
SOLON
SOPHOCLES
see also DRAMA, DRAMATIC PRODUCTIONS AND COMPETITIONS; TRAGEDY
SOPHISTS
see also GORGIAS; HIPPIAS; PRODICUS; PROTAGORAS; THRASYMACHUS; RHETORIC, RHETORICIANS
SOUL
challenge of properly orienting the soul toward the world of being, xxxix,
function and excellence of,
immortality of,
contemplated in pure state, apart from body,
see also PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS] in the human soul; APPETITIVE PRINCIPLE [ELEMENT]; RATIONAL PRINCIPLE [ELEMENT]; SPIRIT, PASSION; EDUCATION; NATURAL ABILITY, NATURE
[PHYSIS]
[PHYSIS]
SPARTA
SPIRIT, PASSION
[THUMOS]
(as distinct from the RATIONAL and APPETITIVE ELEMENTS of the soul),
[THUMOS]
(as distinct from the RATIONAL and APPETITIVE ELEMENTS of the soul),
see also PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS] (in the soul)
STESICHORUS
SUN, SIMILE OF, see also CAVE, ALLEGORY OF; SIGHT
SYRACUSE (SICILY)
see also DION; DIONYSIUS; DIONYSIUS
TTECHNICAL EXPERTISE
[TECHNÊ],
PROFESSIONALS WITH
[TECHNÊ],
PROFESSIONALS WITH
see also ANALOGIES; DOCTORS/PHYSICIANS/MEDICINE; HELMSMEN/PILOTS; MUSICIANS
TEMPERANCE, MODERATION [
SOPHROSYNÊ
]
SOPHROSYNÊ
]
as an essential quality of guardians
as one of the four principal “virtues,”
THALES,
THEAGES,
THEATER—see DRAMA, DRAMATIC PRODUCTIONS AND COMPETITIONS; TRAGEDY
THEBES
THEMISTOCLES
THEOCONY
—see Hesiod
—see Hesiod
THEÔRIA
[CONTEMPLATION]
[CONTEMPLATION]
THESEUS
THIRTY TYRANTS
THRASYMACHUS
THUCYDIDES
TIMARCHY, TIMOCRACY
TIMARCHIC/TIMOCRATIC INDIVIDUAL,
TRADE (between states),
TRAGEDY, TRAGEDIANS
see also CENSORSHIP; EDUCATION; HOMER AND HOMERIC EPICS; IMITATION; MUSIC; POETRY
TRUTHFULNESS, LOVE OF TRUTH
of god(s),
of philosophers
see also FALSEHOODS (useful, necessary); PHILOSOPHY; DIALECTIC
TYRANNICAL INDIVIDUAL,
see also
EROS,
EROTIC/SEXUAL DESIRE; ENSLAVEMENT; TYRANNY, TYRANT
EROS,
EROTIC/SEXUAL DESIRE; ENSLAVEMENT; TYRANNY, TYRANT
TYRANNY, TYRANT
UUNITY (among citizens in the ideal state),
see alsoSTRIFE/DISUNITY; FAMILY; PRIVATE PROPERTY
URANUS [OURANOS],
USURY,
VVIRTUE—see EXCELLENCE
WWAR
children of guardians as observers in,
conduct of,
WARRIORS
guardians in the ideal state as,
see also EDUCATION; GUARDIANS; AUXILIARIES; RULERS; WAR; WOMEN
WEALTH, xlii,
see alsoSTRIFE/DISUNITY;
PLEONEXIA;
POVERTY; PRIVATE PROPERTY
PLEONEXIA;
POVERTY; PRIVATE PROPERTY
WISDOM [SOPHIA]
as one of the four principal “virtues,”
WOMEN
in classical Athens
in the guardian classes of the ideal state
as warriors,
see also BREEDING; FAMILY; NATURAL ABILITY, NATURE
[PHYSIS]
[PHYSIS]
WORKS
AND
DAYS
—see HESIOD
XAND
DAYS
—see HESIOD
XENOPHANES
XENOPHON
pseudo-Xenophon,
The Constitution of the Athenians [The Old Oligarch]
The Constitution of the Athenians [The Old Oligarch]
XERXES,
YYOUTH—see CHILDREN; EDUCATION; PHILOSOPHY (dangers of premature exposure to)
ZZENO, xxvii
ZEUS
a
American Journal of Philology
13 (1892), pp. 349—372.
13 (1892), pp. 349—372.
b
Information about Socrates, Thrasymachus, and other interlocutors in
Republic
is given in the introduction.
Republic
is given in the introduction.
c
The major port city of Attica, about 4 miles from Athens.
d
The Thracian deity Bendis, identified by Greeks with the goddess Artemis. The cult of Bendis was officially accepted in Piraeus in 430 or 429 B.C.E.
e
The phrase evokes the Homeric poems; compare
Iliad
22.60 and 24.487, and
Odyssey
15.246.
Iliad
22.60 and 24.487, and
Odyssey
15.246.
f
Literally, “we who are approximately the same age often come to the same place.”
g
Athenian tragedian (c.496-406 B.C.E.), active as a playwright until his death.
h
Athenian general (c.528-462 B.C.E.) who masterminded the defeat of the Persian navy at the battle of Salamis in 480 B.C.E.
i
Seriphos is a small island in the Aegean Sea.
j
Lyric poet (c.518-438 B.C.E.) whose work is cited again at 2.365b. The poem from which Cephalus quotes does not survive.
k
Lyric and elegiac poet (c.548-468 B.C.E.) from the island Ceos, whose work is also alluded to at 2.365c. The saying attributed to Simonides here does not match anything in the extant fragments of his poetry.
l
The grandfather of Odysseus (the hero of
Odyssey),
who is described in
Odyssey
19.392-398.
Odyssey),
who is described in
Odyssey
19.392-398.
m
Bias and Pittacus were legendary wise men (“sages”) who lived in the sixth century B.C.E. Bias was from Priene (in Ionia), Pittacus from Mytilene (on the island Lesbos in the Aegean).
n
The expression suggests that, in Thrasymachus’ view, Socrates is wrangling unscrupulously for the sake of personal gain.
o
That is, an attendant at a public bath. Aristophanes,
Knights
1403 stereotypes bathmen, along with prostitutes, as disreputable individuals.
Knights
1403 stereotypes bathmen, along with prostitutes, as disreputable individuals.
p
“Good” here is
agathos
in Greek, the positive form of the superlative adjective
aristos.
agathos
in Greek, the positive form of the superlative adjective
aristos.
q
“Lyre”
(lyra)
can refer to any number of stringed instruments commonly played in ancient Greece.
(lyra)
can refer to any number of stringed instruments commonly played in ancient Greece.
r
Festival in honor of the goddess Bendis; see the first paragraph of 1.327.
s
In book 1 of his
Histories,
Herodotus (c.490-420 B.C.E.) relates a somewhat different story about how Gyges came to be king of Lydia (in western Asia Minor) in the late eighth century B.C.E. His descendant Croesus ruled Lydia in the middle of the sixth century B.C.E.
Histories,
Herodotus (c.490-420 B.C.E.) relates a somewhat different story about how Gyges came to be king of Lydia (in western Asia Minor) in the late eighth century B.C.E. His descendant Croesus ruled Lydia in the middle of the sixth century B.C.E.
t
Athenian tragedian (c.525-456 B.C.E.). The reference here is to
Seven Against Thebes
592-594.
Seven Against Thebes
592-594.
u
Aeschylus,
Seven Against Thebes
574-575.
Seven Against Thebes
574-575.
v
An ancient commentator (scholiast) states that the source of the proverb is
Odyssey
16.97-98; compare
Iliad
21.308-309.
Odyssey
16.97-98; compare
Iliad
21.308-309.
w
Poet from Boeotia (c. late eighth century B.C.E.), author of several major poems in dactylic hexameter, including the extant
Theogony
(about the origins of various gods and their conflicts with one another) and the didactic poem
Works and Days.
As far back as the fifth century B.C.E., Hesiod was frequently linked to (or contrasted with) Homer.
Theogony
(about the origins of various gods and their conflicts with one another) and the didactic poem
Works and Days.
As far back as the fifth century B.C.E., Hesiod was frequently linked to (or contrasted with) Homer.
x
Hesiod,
Works and Days
232-233.
Works and Days
232-233.
y
Odyssey
19.109-112.
19.109-112.
z
Musaeus was a legendary singer, often associated with the singer Orpheus and also with the god Apollo, the Muses, and the Moon (see below at 2.364e). “His son” probably refers to Eumolpus, the legendary ancestor of the Eumolpidae clan in Eleusis.
aa
God of the underworld; by extension, the underworld itself.
ab
Itinerant prophets and seers, as well as bards and musicians, would have traditionally been guests in the households of wealthy, powerful men in Greek city-states.
ac
Hesiod,
Works and Days
287-289.
Works and Days
287-289.
ad
Adapted from
Iliad
9.497-501.
Iliad
9.497-501.
ae
Legendary Thracian singer and founder of the religious movement called Or phism, which entertained ideas about reincarnation and transmigration of the soul. The phrase “host of books” refers to Orphic texts.
af
From a poem by Pindar that is no longer extant.
ag
The allusion is to a poem by Simonides.
ah
Archilochus was an iambic and elegiac poet (early seventh century B.C.E.) from the island Paros; two extant fragments of Archilochus’ poetry deal with clever foxes.
ai
From
Iliad
9.497-501, adapted above at 2.364d-e.
Iliad
9.497-501, adapted above at 2.364d-e.
aj
Literally, “sons of that man”—that is, Thrasymachus. Glaucon and Adeimantus are Thrasymachus’ “sons” insofar as they have continued the argument he began in book 1.
ak
Possibly Critias (460-403 B.C.E.), a distant relation of Plato and his brothers, who eventually led the oligarchic coup of 404-403 B.C.E.
al
There were battles at Megara in 424 and 409 B.C.E.; if the “dramatic date” of
Republic
is meant to be 411 or 410 B.C.E., reference to the battle in 409 would be an anachronism.
Republic
is meant to be 411 or 410 B.C.E., reference to the battle in 409 would be an anachronism.
am
The name Ariston evokes the adjective
aristos
(“best”); compare 9.580b.
aristos
(“best”); compare 9.580b.
an
That is, a polis, or city-state.
ao
The Greek means, literally, “our need will create [or determine] it.”
ap
Hetairai
in Greek. “Courtesans and cakes” are juxtaposed in lists of luxuries in, for example, Aristophanes,
Acharnians
1090-1092.
in Greek. “Courtesans and cakes” are juxtaposed in lists of luxuries in, for example, Aristophanes,
Acharnians
1090-1092.
aq
That is, to raise pigs for food. Although animals in the “healthy city” would be slaughtered for their hides, the inhabitants would apparently subsist on a vegetarian diet (2.372b).
ar
Uranus
(Ouranos
in Greek), the ancient deity of the sky and mate of Gaia (Earth), was castrated by his son Cronus (Hesiod,
Theogony
154-181); Cronus was in turn deposed by his son, Zeus, the current ruler of the cosmos (Hesiod,
Theogony
453-506).
(Ouranos
in Greek), the ancient deity of the sky and mate of Gaia (Earth), was castrated by his son Cronus (Hesiod,
Theogony
154-181); Cronus was in turn deposed by his son, Zeus, the current ruler of the cosmos (Hesiod,
Theogony
453-506).
as
Pigs were typically sacrificed in the initiatory rites for the mystery cult at Eleusis.
at
There are several accounts of battles between the Olympian gods, led by Zeus, and the giants (created, according to Hesiod,
Theogony
185, when the blood of the castrated Uranus fell onto Gaia).
Theogony
185, when the blood of the castrated Uranus fell onto Gaia).
au
The story of Hephaestus’ binding of his mother Here (Hera), the wife and sister of Zeus, was apparently related by Pindar. Hephaestus is the god of fire and metal-working crafts.
av
Iliad
1.586-594. Zeus’ punishment left Hephaestus permanently lame.
1.586-594. Zeus’ punishment left Hephaestus permanently lame.
BOOK: Republic (Barnes & Noble Classics Series)
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