Resistance (40 page)

Ziemi
ń
ski, Stanisław. “KARTKI DZIENNIKA NAUCZYCIELA W ŁUKOWIE Z OKRESU OKUPACJI HITLEROWSKIEJ” [Pages from the diary of a teacher from Łuków during the Hitlerite occupation].
BIULETYN
Å»
YDOWSKIEGO INSTYTUTU HISTORYCZNEGO
27 (1958): 105–112.

Zuccotti, Susan.
The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews
. New York: Basic, 1993.

———.
The Italians and the Holocaust
. New York: Basic, 1987.

Zuckerman, Yitzhak.
A Surplus of Memory
. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993.

Zyskind, Sara.
Stolen Years
. Minneapolis: Lerner, 1981.

Zywulska, Krystyna.
I Came Back
. New York: Roy, 1951.

abortion,
60

Abramovicz, Dina,
191
–192

active vs. passive fighting,
20
–21

Adrejewskie forests,
97

Ainsztein, Ruben

Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe
,
14

They Fought Back
,
14

AK.
See
Home Army

Akiva organization,
72
,
172

Alexandrowicz, Julian

bravery of,
102
–103

escape from Krakow ghetto,
103

satisfaction in helping others,
106

transfer to forest post,
105
–106

work with AK,
104
,
105

work with
Å»
egota,
104

Allies

disregard for Jewish condition,
4
,
186

promises to preserve Poland,
181

support of underground movement,
5

Altman, Tosia

escape from Mila 18 bunker,
177

interrogation/death of,
179

letter to Leah Silverstein,
166

photo of,
179

work as courier,
178
–179

work with
Å»
OB,
163
,
179

American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC),
62
,
177

Anielewicz, Mordechai

comments on Warsaw ghetto uprising,
81

dislike of Mila 18 suicides,
176
–177

as head of
Å»
OB,
72
,
73
–77,
163

photo of,
74

request of Hela Schupper,
174

anti-Jewish Aktions

“Bloody Thursday,”
206
n11

mass murders during,
86
–87

resistance efforts during,
79

response of survivors,
87

in Slonim ghetto,
88

anti-Semitism

of AK,
104
,
117
–118

among Soviet partisans,
107

Antoni Zieleniewski's views of,
31

of Nationalist Party,
42
,
184

in occupied territories,
27

of Polish people,
52
,
80

of Polish prisoners,
124

of Soviet partisans,
93
,
98

at Warsaw University,
23

of Yasha Gusev,
99

Zygmunt Rytel's comments on,
21

Arendt, Hannah

“banality of evil,”
11
,
200
n17

Eichman in Jerusalem
,
8

interpretation of Jewish complicity,
8
–9,
11

and Louis de Jong,
9

omission of facts in research,
11

Armia Krajowa (AK).
See
Home Army

Armia Ludowa (AL),
45

arms

accumulation as resistance,
13

Allies rejection of requests for,
4

an army without,
15

difficulty in obtaining,
8
,
13
,
38
,
77
,
84

German attempts to collect,
91
–92

inadequate supply of,
11

provided to Jewish partisans,
45

underground obtains,
5
,
169
–170

value placed on by partisans,
90
–91

in Warsaw uprising,
80

Artenstein, Zacharia,
82

Asch, Nathan, escape from deportation,
68

Atlas, Icheskel, commitment to fighting Germans,
120
–121

Auerswald, Heinz, food allocation orders,
64
–65

Auschwitz

Bela Chazan Yaari's imprisonment at,
123

Birkenau
Bekleidungskammer
,
131
–132

brutal response to rebellion plans,
133
–135

crematorium IV uprising,
135
–138

failure of rebellion plans,
132
–133

general rebellion plans at,
128
–129

initial inmates of,
17
,
125

investigation of Kommando uprising at,
137
–142

Jewish resistance in,
127
–128,
131
–132

Josef Mengele's visits to,
124

lack of resistance cooperation in,
126

Polish anti-Semites in,
124

political prisoners in,
126

subcamps at,
124

underground movement,
14
–15,
125

willingness of new arrivals to cooperate,
130
–131

Austrian resistance group, in Auschwitz,
126

autonomy

connection with survival,
191
–192

search for through resistance,
10
,
147

“banality of evil,” Hannah Arendt's concept of,
11
,
200
n17

Baum, Bruno, support of Auschwitz rebellion plans,
131

Beatus, Frania,
179
–180

Bekleidungskammer
,
131
–132

Belarus forests

challenges of life in,
40

flight of Russian soldiers into,
84

women's lives in,
94
–96,
207
n17

Belorussia.
See
Belarus forests

Belzec death camp,
185

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp,
178

Berlinski, Hirsch, description of uprising,
77

Bernson and Bauman Hospital,
194
–195

Bettelheim, Bruno, as promoter of Jewish complicity,
7
–8,
11

Beutelager munitions center,
92
,
96
,
102

Bialystok ghetto,
123
,
180

Bielanowicz, Mordechai, transfer to Auschwitz,
127

Bielski, Tuvia

ethos of resistance by saving,
121

extraordinary achievements of,
110

meets Hersh Smolar,
113

photo of,
111

Bielski Jewish partisan group, cooperative efforts of,
112
–116

Birkenau

See also
Auschwitz

“blame the victim” accusations,
2

Blatt, Thomas “Tovi,”
153

Bleichman, Ephraim (Frank)

early life of,
32
–34

hides in Bratnik forest bunkers,
37
–39

kills Polish collaborators,
39

opposition to AK,
43

Rather Die Fighting: A Memoir of World War II
,
46

refusal to be transferred,
34
–36

Bloch, Zelo, resistance efforts of,
147

“Bloody Thursday,”
206
n11

Bobkov, Nikolai,
99

Borkomorowski, Tadeusz,
117
–118,
184

Brande-Heller, Anna,
194
–195

Bratnik forest bunkers,
37
–38

Breslaw, Shmuel, work with
Å»
OB,
72
,
163

Buchenwald,
7

Bukowska, Leokadia.
See
Silverstein, Leah

burials, availability in ghettos,
165

Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party,
39

Central Welfare Council (RGO),
160

Chapajev brigade,
97
–98

Chelmno, Poland,
153

Chernishev, Vassily.
See
Platon (General)

Chorazycki, Julian, work with underground,
149
–150

Christian Labor Party,
25
,
42
,
183

Ciechanow, Poland,
127

Ciechanow Jewish resistance group,
127
–131

collaboration/collaborators

attack on Ephraim (Frank) Bleichman,
38
–39

fear of reprisals,
3
–4

frequency of,
3

identification of Jews by,
27

Lithuanian collaborators,
90

reveal location of Bratnik forest bunkers,
38

sources of,
4

in Treblinka,
148

Å»
OB elimination of,
72
–73

compassion, providing balance with,
194

contagious diseases, penalty of death for,
58

cooperation

acts of kindness as,
191

of Jewish partisans and AK,
43

as key to facilitating resistance,
4
,
15
,
46
,
130
,
147

in kibbutzim,
164

preventing in ghettos,
54

Zygmunt Rytel's reference to,
19
–20

Council for Aid to Jews.
See
Å»
egota

couriers

challenges of life as,
188

Emanuel Ringelblum's praise of,
158

Jan Karski as,
183

lack of local support for,
5

women as,
158
,
163
–164,
167
–168,
172
,
178
–179

crematorium IV

resistance groups at,
128
,
132
–133

uprising in,
135
–138,
143

cultural activities, effect on Jewish morale,
58
–59

Cylenski, Boris,
154

Cyrankiewicz, Jozef

as Prime Minister of Poland,
130

rebellion plans and,
129
,
131
,
133

transfer to Auschwitz,
126

Czech resistance group, in Auschwitz,
126

Czerniakow, Adam

death by suicide,
67

petition to halt ghetto construction,
52

photo of,
53

wartime diary of,
8
–9

Czestochowa, Poland,
165

Czuperska, Anna,
123

Dachau concentration camp,
7
,
160

Davies, Norman,
106

day-to-day survival

connection to autonomy,
191
–192

importance of solidarity to,
146
–148,
149
,
196

as resistance effort,
13
,
191

women's contribution to,
55
–57,
63

Defiance: The Bielski Partisans
(Tec),
110

de Jong, Louis,
9

Denmark, acceptance of Jewish immigrants,
22

deportation

escape from,
68

exemption from,
194
–195

from ghettos,
67
–71

of orphanages to Treblinka,
69
–70

physical resistance to,
68

refusal of,
68

response to,
72

from Slonim ghetto,
74

submission to,
68

suicide as response,
67
–68

survivor shame in,
71
–72,
76

Destruction of European Jews, The
(Hilberg),
8
–9

Detachment 51 unit,
93

disobedience, as resistance,
10

Dobroszycki, Lucjan,
15

document forging

as resistance effort,
13

Zygmunt Rytel's work in,
18
–19

Dror organization, response to deportations,
72

Dubov, (Soviet General),
114

Dworzecki, Mark,
57
–58

Eck, Nathan, attack on notion of passivity,
12
,
200
n19

Edelman, Mark,
195

education

admission quotas,
15

in ghettos,
59

prohibitions to,
58

respect for,
56

Warsaw University,
22
–23

Eichman in Jerusalem
(Arendt),
8

Eichman trial, Hannah Arendt's coverage of,
11

Einhorn, Ahron, refusal of deportation,
68

Einsatzgruppen, cruelty of,
26

Eisenbach, Artur, view of Emanuel Ringelblum,
48

Eitani, Arieh, description of German kindness,
192
–193

Endecja, anti-Semitism in,
23

Engel, David, on values of Jews in Polish ghettos,
49

Epstein, Thea, on work as a courier,
158
–159

European Jews, 1943 status of,
4

Feldhendler, Leon,
154
–157

Ferstenberg, Lusia,
131

“Final Solution,” origins of plan for,
26

Fiodorowicz, Yefim,
94
,
107