Rise of the Warrior Cop (63 page)

22
. Oelsner, “A Look at ‘No-Knock’ Clause in DC Crime Bill.”

23
. DC Superior Court chief judge Harold H. Greene, quoted in Robert M. Smith, “Detention Power and No-Knock Warrants Used Little in Capital in First 7 Months,”
New York Times,
September 27, 1971.

24
. Clancy,
Just a Country Lawyer,
pp. 222–223.

25
. “Nixon Signs No-Knock Bill, Hits Anti-Crime Inaction,” Associated Press, July 30, 1970.

26
. Ervin,
Preserving the Constitution,
p. 289.

27
. Donald Santarelli, interview with the author, August 2012; see also Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors,
p. 65.

28
. “Detroit: Heroin Shooting War,”
Time,
June 21, 1971. Also quoted in Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors,
pp. 58–59.

29
. Leonard Curry, “DC Police Chief Cuts Crime Rate by Working with People,”
Washington Afro-American,
March 6, 1971.

30
. Ibid.

31
. Ibid.

32
. “The Law: What the Police Can—and Cannot—Do About Crime,”
Time,
July 13, 1970.

33
. Ibid.

34
. Wilson, interviews with the author, August 2012.

35
. 5 Crime data from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports table-making website application, available at:
http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/State/StateCrime.cfm
(accessed October 10, 2012).

36
. Wilson, interviews with the author, August 2012.

37
. Other sources for the Wilson narrative include Robert M. Smith, “Detention Power and No-Knock Warrants Use Little in Capital in First Seven Months,”
New York Times,
September 27, 1970; and Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, “Biography: Jerry V. Wilson,” available at:
http://mpdc.dc.gov/node/226552
(accessed October 8, 2012).

38
. As quoted in Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors
.

39
. John W. Dean,
The Rehnquist Choice: The Untold Story of the Nixon Appointment That Redefined the Supreme Court
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 84.

40
. “Floor Vote on Rehnquist Nomination,”
Congressional Record,
December 10, 1971, available at:
http://www.loc.gov/law/find/nominations/rehnquist-aj/vote.pdf
(accessed September 30, 2012).

41
. Richard Nixon, “Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control,” June 17, 1991.

42
. Quoted in Flamm, “Politics and Pragmatism,” p. 132.

43
. Edward Jay Epstein,
Agency of Fear: Opiates and Political Power in America
(London: Verso, 1990), ch. 24.

44
. Ibid., p. 71.

45
. Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors,
pp. 59–60.

46
. Epstein,
Agency of Fear,
p. 140.

47
. Ibid., p. 136.

48
. Richard Nixon, “Remarks About an Intensified Program for Drug Abuse Prevention and Control,” June 17, 1971, available at:
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3047
(accessed October 5, 2012).

49
. Haldeman’s diary, pp. 327–328, quoted in Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors,
p. 62.

50
. Epstein,
Agency of Fear,
pp. 193–202.

51
. Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors,
p. 67.

52
. Michael J. Sniffen, “Knock at Door Strikes Terror into These Families,” Associated Press, June 26, 1973.

53
. Epstein,
Agency of Fear,
pp. 193–202.

54
. Unless otherwise indicated, the primary source for the Dirk Dickenson narrative, from which I have borrowed heavily, is Joe Ezsterhas, “Death in the Wilderness,”
Rolling Stone,
May 24, 1973. See also “Suit Impugns Integrity of Judge on Freeing Drug Agent in Death,”
New York Times,
February 4, 1975; “Narcotics Agent Clear in Slaying,”
New York Times,
September 29, 1974; “Murder Prosecution of Agent Clifton Upheld,”
Eureka Times-Standard,
March 22, 1973; Richard Harris, “Probe into Dirk Dickenson Shooting Still Continuing,”
Eureka Times-Standard,
June 29, 1972; “Humboldt Named Target of $6,050,000 Claim,”
Eureka Times-Standard,
July 7, 1972; and United States v. Zagari, 419 F.Supp. 494 (1976).

55
. The Berti narrative is from Wally Lee, “Secrecy Shrouds Sunday Killing,”
Eureka Times-Standard,
October 5, 1970; “Justice Has Berti Probe,”
Eureka Times-Standard,
November 20, 1970; and Ezsterhas, “Death in the Wilderness.”

56
. Quoted in Ezsterhas, “Death in the Wilderness.”

57
. Ibid.

58
. Ibid.

59
. Richard Harris, “Agent Arraigned Here for Murder,”
Eureka Times-Standard,
January 17, 1973.

60
. Richard Harris, “Narcotics Agent’s Case Opens Here Monday,”
Eureka Times-Standard,
February 4, 1973.

61
. James R. McKittrick, letter to the editor,
Eureka Times-Standard,
February 12, 1973.

62
. Clifton v. Cox 549 F.2d 722 (1977).

63
. The raid narratives and quotes are from Andrew H. Malcolm, “Drug Raids Terrorize 2 Families—by Mistake,”
New York Times,
April 29, 1973; and Epstein,
Agency of Fear,
“Prologue.”

64
. Epstein,
Agency of Fear,
pp. 221–224.

65
. Interview with Egil “Bud” Krogh Jr., from
Drug Wars,
PBS
Frontline,
2000, transcript available at:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/interviews/krogh.html
(accessed October 10, 2012).

66
. “Agents Suspended After Erroneous Raid in Illinois,” Associated Press, May 2, 1973.

67
. “No-Knock Law Backfires in Illinois Drug Raids,”
Baltimore Afro-American,
May 18, 1973.

68
. Epstein, “Prologue,” pp. 17–22; “Third Mistaken Drug Raid Suit Filed,” Associated Press, July 12, 1973.

69
. “Agents Indicted for No-Knock Raids,” Associated Press, August 25, 1973.

70
. Andrew H. Malcolm, “Violent Drug Raids Against the Innocent Found Widespread,”
New York Times,
June 25, 1973.

71
. Michael J. Sniffen, “Knock at Door Strikes Terror into These Families,” Associated Press, June 26, 1973.

72
. Ibid.

73
. Malcolm, “Violent Drug Raids.”

74
. “Drug Aide Chary on Curbing Raids,”
New York Times,
July 6, 1973.

75
. US Drug Enforcement Administration, “In Depth History: 1970–1975,” available at:
http://www.justice.gov/dea/about/history.shtml
(accessed October 15, 2012).

76
. Linda Charlton, “‘No-Knock’ Drug Raids Curbed Under New Federal Chief,”
New York Times,
July 17, 1973; “DEA Stiffens Regulations on No-Knock Drug Raids,” Associated Press, July 17, 1973.

77
. Quoted in Andrew H. Malcolm, “Drug Law Change Sought by Percy,”
New York Times,
November 4, 1973.

78
. “Senate Votes to Repeal No-Knock Drug Rule,” United Press International, July 12, 1974.

79
. “Ford Signs Repeal of ‘No-Knock’ Law,” United Press International, October 29, 1974.

80
. Interview with Krogh,
Drug Wars,
PBS
Frontline
.

81
. Donald Santarelli, interview with the author, August 2012.

82
. The narrative of the SLA shoot-out is taken from Chris McNab,
Deadly Force: Firearms and American Law Enforcement
(Westminster, MD: Osprey Publishing, 2009), pp. 122–126; Jon Nordheimer, “Los Angeles Will Pay for Damage in Its Raid on SLA,”
New York Times,
May 23, 1974; “Shootout Report Quotes Death Threat,” Associated Press, July 20, 1974; Jon Nordheimer, “Coroner Reconstructs Terrorists’ Deaths,”
New York Times,
May 24, 1974; and Gates,
Chief,
pp. 150–159.

83
. Ibid., pp. 154–155 (emphasis added).

84
. McNab,
Deadly Force,
p. 126.

85
. Gates,
Chief,
p. 159.

86
. Jon Nordheimer, “Tough Elite Police Units Useful but Controversial,
New York Times,
July 14, 1975.

87
. Ibid.

88
. Russell Jones, interview with the author, August 2012. See also Jones’s book,
Honorable Intentions
(self-published, 2012), available at:
http://www.honorable-intentions.com
.

89
. Ervin,
Preserving the Constitution,
p. 291.

90
. Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors,
pp. 69–71; Jon Nordheimer, “Tough Elite Police Unites Useful but Controversial,
The New York Times,
July 14, 1975; “DEA History in Depth, 1975–1980,” Drug Enforcement Administration, available at:
http://www.justice.gov/dea/about/history/1975–1980.pdf
; “Summary of Findings from the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse,” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, DHHS Publication No. SMA 99–3328, 1999; Andrew Malcolm, “Violent Drug Raids Against the Innocent Found Widespread,”
The New York Times,
June 25, 1973.

Chapter 6: The 1980s—Us and Them

1
. Drug Policy Foundation, “Policy Briefs: Asset Forfeiture,” 1999, p. 3, available at:
http://www.drugpolicy.org/docUploads/Asset_Forfeiture_Briefing.pdf
.

2
. Dan Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1996), p. 38.

3
. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks Announcing Federal Initiatives Against Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime,” October 14, 1982, available at:
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43127
(accessed October 20, 2012).

4
. Ibid.

5
. Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors,
pp. 171–173.

6
. Reagan, “Remarks Announcing Federal Initiatives Against Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime.”

7
. Trebach,
The Great Drug War,
p.157.

8
. Baum,
Smoke and Mirrors,
p. 175.

9
. Philip Hager, “US Launches 50-State Drive on Marijuana,”
Los Angeles Times,
August 6, 1985; “Raid on Pot Fields/Eradication Program Called Biggest Ever in US,” Associated Press, August 5, 1985; “Officials Raid Marijuana Crops on US Land,” United Press International, August 6, 1985.

10
. Illinois v. Gates, 462 US 213 (1983).

11
. United States v. Leon, 468 US 897 (1984).

12
. Massachusetts v. Sheppard, 468 US 981 (1984).

13
. Segura v. United States, 468 US 796 (1984).

14
. Nix v. William, 467 US 431 (1984).

15
. Ray Raphael,
Cash Crop: An American Dream
(Caspar, CA: Ridge Times Press, 1985), p. 105.

16
. Daryl Gates, with Diane K. Shah,
Chief: My Life in the LAPD
(New York: Bantam, 1993), p. 322.

17
. Ibid., p. 323.

18
. Unless otherwise indicated, the Tommie DuBose narrative is from the author’s interviews with Norm Stamper, October 2012; Richard Serrano, “Police Ponder Changes in Tactics in Response to DuBose Slaying,”
Los Angeles Times,
June 22, 1988; Richard Serrano, “DuBose Killing Justifiable, DA Inquiry Finds,”
Los Angeles Times,
June 21, 1988; Alan Abrahamson, “Southeast SD Man Was Slain by Police: City, Widow Reach Tentative Pact in DuBose Killing,”
Los Angeles Times,
July 27, 1989; and Richard Serrano, “Shooting by San Diego Police Officer His 3rd in 10 Years on Force,”
Los Angeles Times,
March 22, 1988.

19
. “7 Arrested in Raid Marred by Wrong Entry,” Associated Press, March 9, 1987; Marcos Breton, “Drug Raid at Wrong House Under Investigation by Police,”
Los Angeles Times,
March 10, 1987; John Dentinger,
“Narc, Narc: Diary of Police Drug Raids on the Wrong Houses,”
Playboy
(April 1990).

20
. H. G. Reza, “Was Warrant Warranted? Raid Yields No Drugs, Leaves Family Fearful and Upset,”
Los Angeles Times,
September 8, 1989.

21
. Amy Wallace, “Drug Raiders Broke in Wrong Home, Police Say,”
Los Angeles Times,
February 13, 1990.

22
. Tony Perry, “Keeping Lid On in San Diego: Police: Department Reforms and a Resourceful Crisis Management Plan Are Credited with Maintaining Relative Calm After Verdicts in King Case,”
Los Angeles Times,
April 2, 1993.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Kristina Davis, “San Diego Boasts One of Nation’s Lowest Violent Crime Rates,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
May 25, 2010.

25
. “San Diego Historical Crime Actuals, 1950–2011,” available at:
http://www.sandiego.gov/police/pdf/crimeactuals.pdf
(accessed October 22, 2012); see also Keegan Kyle, “How Crime’s Changed in San Diego: 12 Graphics,” Voice of San Diego, October 4, 2012, available at:
http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/community/article_869cf294-0e6d-11e2-9072-0019bb2963f4.html
(accessed October 22, 2012).

26
. See US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Table 302: Crimes and Crime Rates by Type of Offense: 1980 to 2008,” available at:
http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0302.pdf
(accessed October 20, 2012).