Ruling the Void (20 page)

• Austria:
Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) for the general elections of 1983, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1995,
1999, 2002, 2006 and 2008 and the European elections of 1996, 1999, 2004 and 2009; and Bündnis Zukunft Österreich (BZÖ) for the general elections of 2006 and 2008 and the European election of 2009.

• Belgium:
Vlaams Blok (VB) for the general elections of 1981, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999 and 2003 and the European elections of 1984, 1989, 1994, 1999 and 2004; Front National (FN) for the general elections of 1991, 1995, 1999 and 2003 and the European elections of 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009; AGIR for the general election of 1991; and Vlaams Belang (VB) for the general elections of 2007 and 2010 and the European election of 2009.

• Denmark:
the Dansk Folkeparti (DF) for the general elections of 1998, 2001, 2005 and 2007 and the European elections of 1999, 2004 and 2009; the Folkebevægelsen mod EU for the European elections of 1979, 1984, 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009; and the JuniBevægelsen for the European elections of 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009. The last two organizations are examples of cross-party populist and Eurosceptical movements.

• Finland:
There are no significant populist radical right-wing parties as such competing at the national level in Finland. A populist and nationalist party sharing traits of both the left and the right has existed since 1995, with the True Finns backing both left-wing economic policies and a conservative stance on social issues. Their results are included for the general elections of 1999, 2003 and 2007 and for the European elections of 1996, 1999, 2004 and 2009.

• France:
Front National (FN) for the general elections of 1981, 1986, 1988, 1993, 1997, 2002 and 2007 and the European elections of 1979, 1984, 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009; and the Mouvement National Républicain (MNR) for the general election of 2002.

• Germany:
Republikaner (REP) for the general elections of 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2009 and the European elections of 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009; Deutsche Volksunion (DVU) for the general election of 1998 and the European election of 1989.

• Greece:
Front Line (FL) for the general election of 2000; Party of Hellenism (KE) for the 1996 and 2000 general elections and the European election of 1999; Hellenic Front (EM) for the general election of 2000 and the European election of 1999; Laikos Orthodoxos Synagermos (LAOS) for the general elections of 2004, 2007 and 2009 and the European elections of 2004 and 2009.

• Iceland:
there are no significant populist radical right-wing parties competing at the national level in Iceland.

• Ireland:
there are no significant populist radical right-wing parties competing at the national level in Ireland. Sinn Féin, historically a nationalist party, may be seen as representing a kind of left-wing populism, especially in its Eurosceptical stance. Sinn Féin’s results are included for the general elections of 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007 and for the European elections of 1984, 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009.

• Italy:
Lega Lombarda (LL) for the general elections of 1983, 1987 and 1992 and the European election of 1989; Liga Veneta (LV) for the general elections of 1983 and 1987; Movimento Sociale – Fiamma Tricolore for the general elections of 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2008 and the European elections of 1999, 2004 and 2009; Lega Nord for the general elections of 1994, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2008 and the European elections of 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009.

• Luxembourg:
Aktiounskomitee fir Demokratie a Rentegerechtegkeet (ADR) for the general elections of
1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009 and the European elections of 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009.

• Netherlands:
Nederlandse Volksunie (NVU) for the general election of 1981; Centrumpartij (CP) for the general elections of 1981, 1982 and 1986 and the European election of 1984; Centrumdemocraten for the general elections of 1986 and 1994 and the European elections of 1989, 1994 and 1999; Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) for the general elections of 2006 and 2010 and the European election of 2009; Lijst Pim Fortuyn (LPF) for the general election of 2002.

• Norway:
there are no significant populist radical right-wing parties competing at the national level in Norway.

• Portugal:
Partido Renovador Nacional (PRN) for the general elections of 2002, 2005 and 2009.

• Spain:
there are no significant populist radical-right parties competing at the national level in Spain.

• Sweden:
Sverigedemokraterna (SD) for the general elections of 1991, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010 and the European elections of 1999, 2004 and 2009.

• Switzerland:
Nationale Aktion für Volk und Heimat (NA) for the general election of 1983; Freiheits-Partei der Schweiz/Parti Suisse de la liberté (FPS/PSL) for the general elections of 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2007; Schweizer Demokraten/Démocrates suisses (SD) for the general elections of 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2007.

• United Kingdom:
National Front (NF) for the general elections of 1983 and 1992; British National Party (BNP) for the general elections of 1992, 1997, 2001, 2005 and 2010 and the European elections of 1999, 2004 and 2009; United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) for the general elections of 1997, 2001, 2005 and 2010 and the European elections of 1994, 1999,
2004 and 2009. (UKIP differs from a radical-right-wing organization such as the BNP in its concern for mainstream respectability but certainly displays many populist traits.)

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