Sauron Defeated (65 page)

The form Mimir, for Nimri, appears in the third text DA III.

$12 The name Amatthane ('the Land of Gift') was typed in subsequently over an erasure, but the erased form can be seen to have had eight letters, beginning with A and probably ending with e.

In the text F 1 of Part II of the Papers the Land of Gift was Athanati (p. 305), and Athanate occurs in an earlier form of Lowdham's fragment II, p. 312; thus the erased name here was obviously Athanate. Subsequently the name Amatthane appears in DA III as typed.

To this paragraph a typewritten slip was attached, changing the passage following the words 'they set sail upon the deep waters, following the star':

And the Avaloi laid a peace on the sea for many days, and sent sunlight and a sailing wind, so that the waters glittered before the eyes of the Eruhin like rippling glass, and the foam flew like shining snow before the stems of their ships. But so bright was Rothinzil that even at morning men could see it glimmering in the West, and in the cloudless night it shone alone, for no other star might come beside it. And setting their course towards it, the Eruhin came at last over leagues of sea and saw afar the land that was prepared for them, Zenn'abar the Land of Gift, shimmering in a golden haze. Then they went up out of the sea and found a country fair and fruitful, and they were glad. And they called that land Gimlad, which is Starwards, and Anadune, which is Westernesse, Numenore in the Nimrian tongue.

This is virtually the text in the Akallabeth (pp. 260 - 1), apart of course from the names. Zenn'abar was subsequently changed to Zen'nabar, and then to Abarzayan (which was the form in the third text DA III). The name Amatthane was not lost, however: see p. 388, $23.

$13 The statement here and in DA I that the Eruhin were rewarded by a life of threefold span goes back to a change made to FN II, $10 (V.28); cf. also Aragorn's words 'I have still twice the span of other men', p. 57, and the statement in Appendix A (I,i) to The Lord of the Rings: the Numenoreans were granted a span of life 'in the beginning thrice that of lesser Men'. For an account of my father's views on the longevity of the Numenoreans see Unfinished Tales pp. 224 - 5.

Between $13 and $14 there is a long passage in the Akallabeth in which Andunie, the Meneltarma, Armenelos, and the tombs of the kings are referred to, and then the ancestry and choices of Elrond and Elros (this being closely derived from a long insertion to FN III $2: see pp. 333, 339 - 40).

$14 The opening sentence was changed to read:

Thus the years passed, and while Middle-earth went backward and light and wisdom failed there, the Adunai dwelt under the protection of the Avaloi, and in the friendship of the Nimri, and increased in stature both of body and of mind.

With 'the kings and princes learned the Nimrian tongue, in which much lore and song was preserved from the beginning of the world' cf. FN III $2 (p. 333): 'the speech of Numenor was the speech of the Eldar of the Blessed Realm'. In the Akallabeth the linguistic conception is more complex (p. 262): the Numenoreans still used their own speech, but 'their kings and lords knew and spoke also the Elven tongue [Sindarin], which they had learned in the days of their alliance, and thus they held converse still with the Eldar, whether of Eressea or of the west-lands of Middle-earth. And the loremasters among them learned also the High Eldarin tongue of the Blessed Realm, in which much story and song was preserved from the beginning of the world ...' See note 19 to Aldarion and Erendis in Unfinished Tales, p. 215.

$15 On the progressive restrictiveness of the Ban see p. 356 note 4.

$16 The vagueness of knowledge concerning the dwelling of the Avaloi ('upon some isle or shore of the western lands (Men know not where)') is retained from DA I, and the Adunai still name it 'the Haven of the Gods', Avalloni, for Avallonde in DA I. (In FN $1 the name Avallon was given to Tol Eressea, 'for it is hard by Valinor'. In both versions of Lowdham's exemplification of Numenorean names in The Notion Club Papers, pp.

241, 305, he refers to the place-name Avalloni without suggesting where or what it might be; and in the second version F 2 he adds that although it is a name of his Language B, Adunaic, 'it is with it, oddly enough, that I associate Language A', Quenya. In both versions he calls Language A 'Avallonian'.) The Adunai named the land of the Avaloi 'the Haven of the Gods', Avalloni,

'for at times ... they could descry ... a city white-shining on a distant shore, and great harbours, and a tower.' But there now enters in The Drowning of Anadune the idea of divergent opinions concerning this vision of a land to the west: 'And some held that it was a vision of the Blessed Realm that men saw, but others said that it was only a further isle where the Nimri dwelt

... for mayhap the Avaloi had no visible dwelling upon Earth.'

The latter opinion is supported by the author of The Drowning of Anadune, since 'certain it is that the Nimri had some dwelling nigh unto Anadune, for thither they came ever and anon, the children of the Deathless Folk...'

This was retained through the two further texts of The Drowning of Anadune without any significant change save the loss of the words 'the children of the Deathless Folk' (see the note on $5 above). In the Akallabeth the true nature of the distant city is asserted: 'But the wise among them knew that this distant land was not indeed the Blessed Realm of Valinor, but was Avallone, the haven of the Eldar upon Eressea, easternmost of the Undying Lands' (pp. 262 - 3). See further the commentary on $47 below.

Before 'the Blessed Realm' the name Zen'naman was pencilled on the typescript, and again in $23; in both cases this was struck through. See the commentary on $47.

The reference to 'their own western haven, Andunie of Numenor' in DA I is now lost. Andunie had appeared in FN ($2, p. 333): Of old the chief city and haven of that land was in the midst of its western coasts, and it was called Andunie, because it faced the sunset'; this reappears in the Akallabeth, p. 261.

$17 In none now dared withstand them 'now' was changed to 'yet'; this is the reading of the Akallabeth, p. 263.

The whole of $$17 - 18 was retained in the Akallabeth, with the exception of the reference to the brutish speech of the men of Middle-earth (repeated in the following texts of The Drowning of Anadune). In the Akallabeth there appears here a reference to the far eastern voyages of the Numenoreans: 'and they came even into the inner seas, and sailed about Middle-earth and glimpsed from their high prows the Gates of Morning in the East'; this was derived from FN $3 (p. 334; see V.20, commentary on $3). With this cf. the opinion expressed in $27, that there was no sea-passage into the East.

$19 of which the songs of men preserve still the distant memory like an echo of the Sea. The song of King Sheave is doubtless to be understood as such an echo.

In the Akallabeth the first mention of the emergence of Sauron is postponed to a much later point in the narrative, and it is not until $21 that the old version begins to be used again, with the murmurings of the Numenoreans against the Doom of Men and the ban on their westward sailing.

In DA I Zigur is the name which the men of Middle-earth gave to Sauron; it is not said that it was the name that he took for himself.

$20 Amatthane: at the first occurrence in this paragraph the name was left to stand, but at the second (and again in $21) it was changed to Zen'nabar (see under $12 above).

Indilzar: Elros, first King of Numenor. The name was changed to Gimilzor (and so appears in the subsequent texts).

In the later development of the Numenorean legend the name (Ar-) Gimilzor is given to the twenty-third king (father of Tar-Palantir who repented of the ways of the kings and grandfather of Ar-Pharazon; Unfinished Tales p. 223, Akallabeth p.269).

seven kings: here Ar-Pharazon becomes the ninth king, since it is expressly said that 'seven kings had ruled between Indilzar

[Elros] and Ar-Pharazon'. Seven was changed to twelve, and this remains into the final text of DA; he thus becomes the fourteenth king. In his long exposition of the 'cycles' of his legends to Milton Waldman in 1951 (Letters no. 131, p. 155) my father wrote of 'the thirteenth king of the line of Elros, Tar-Calion the Golden'. It may be that he was counting the kings 'of the line of Elros' and excluding Elros himself; but on the other hand, in an addition to FN III $5 (p. 335) it is said that 'twelve kings had ruled before him', which would make Ar-Pharazon the thirteenth king including Elros. See further p. 433, Footnote 6.

Menel-Tubal: see p. 375.

Ar-Minaleth replaces the name of the city in DA I ($32), Antirion the Golden; spelt Arminaleth, it occurs in the final form of the Old English text of 'Edwin Lowdham's page', pp.

257 - 8. Arminaleth remained into the earlier texts of the Akallabeth, with a footnote: 'This was its name in the Numenorean tongue; for by that name it was chiefly known. Tar Kalimos it was called in the Eldarin tongue.'

$23 The words 'the Avaloi were grieved' were changed to 'Aman was grieved'; so also the Akallabeth has 'Manwe' here (p. 264).

Amatthane was not changed here (see under $20 above).

Azrubel: see under $8 above.

In the Akallabeth the words of the 'messengers' of Manwe to the Numenoreans are still described as 'concerning the fate and fashion of the world', but the word fashion referred originally to their instruction as to its physical shape. In DA I the Avalai said baldly 'that the world was round, and that if they sailed into the utmost West, yet would they but come back again to the East and so to the places of their setting out'; but now there enters (and this was retained in the following texts of DA) the conception of the Earth (which is 'such that a girdle may be set about it') as 'an apple [that] hangeth on the branches of Heaven', whose seas and lands are as 'the rind of the fruit, which shall abide upon the tree until the ripening that Eru hath appointed.' Nothing of this is left in the later work.

the towers of Nimroth: Nimroth was changed to Nimrun, and so appears in the following texts; neither name is found elsewhere.

$24 The words 'till all is changed' were altered to 'for its life is theirs'.

$25 After 'For of us is required the greater trust' was added: 'and hope without assurance'; and 'he hath not yet revealed it' was changed to 'he hath not yet revealed all things that he hath in store'. Following this a further passage was added on a typewritten slip:

But this we hold to be true that your home is not here, neither in the land of Aman, nor anywhere else within the girdle of the Earth; for the Doom of Men was not [added: at first]

devised as a punishment. If pain it hath become unto you, as you say (though this we do not clearly understand), then is that not only because you must now depart at a time set and not of your own choosing? But this is the will of Eru, which may not be gainsaid; and the Avaloi do most earnestly bid you ...'

At the end of the words of the messengers was added: 'and to you it will be revealed and not to the Avaloim' (the plural ending -m in Adunaim, Avaloim appears in the next text, DA III; see p. 375).

$26 From the refusal of all but a few of the Numenoreans to give heed to the counsel of the messengers the Akallabeth diverges altogether from The Drowning of Anadune, with the introduction of a very long passage (pp. 265 - 270) in which the history of Numenor was vastly extended. Here it was also to the thirteenth king (but including Elros as the first: see Unfinished Tales pp. 218 ff., and under $20 above) that the messengers came, but he was Tar-Atanamir, and many kings would follow him before Ar-Pharazon. There follows an account of the decadence of the Numenoreans in that age as their wealth and power increased, of their growing horror of death, and of their expansion into Middle-earth. The brief phrases of the opening of $27 are embedded in this. Then in the Akallabeth comes the arising of Sauron, told in entirely different terms from the story in the old version, with mention of Barad-dur, of the One Ring, and of the Ringwraiths; and all the history of the division of the Numenoreans, the persecution of the Faithful under Ar-Gimilzor and the banning of the Elvish tongue, and of the line of the Lords of Andunie and the repentance of Tar-Palantir, the last king before Ar-Pharazon.

Arbazan and his son Nimruzan: Amandil (in the Akallabeth) and Elendil. In DA I Elendil's father is Amardil; but the Elvish names do not appear again in The Drowning of Anadune.

Indilzar Azrabelo was changed to Indilzar Azrabelohin, and then to Gimilzor (see under $20 above).

$27 Menel-Tubal was here changed to Menil-Tubal, and subsequently.

Of the debate of Ar-Pharazon with Arbazan on the possibility of sailing east and so coming upon the land of Aman from the west, retained in the following texts, there is no vestige in the Akallabeth. On Arbazan's surmise that there might be no eastern passage by sea see under $17 above. It is perhaps possible that an idea of the geographical conception here can be gained from the two maps accompanying the Ambarkanta in IV.249, 251: for in the first of these there is very emphatically no sea-passage, and in the North and South there are 'ices impassable', while in the second there are straits by which ships might come into the furthest East. But even if this were so it could of course have no more than a 'pictorial' relevance, for the second map exhibits the convulsions after the breaking of Utumno and the chaining of Melkor in the First Battle of the Gods (Quenta Silmarillion $21, V.213).