Saving Italy: The Race to Rescue a Nation's Treasures from the Nazis (46 page)

192
In early 1942
Tutaev,
The Consul of Florence
, 49.

192
acting on the advice of
Elisabetta “Nicky” Mariano,
Forty Years with Berenson
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), 282.

192
Marchesa Serlupi and her staff
Tutaev,
The Consul of Florence
, 51.

192
apartment near the Ponte Santa Trinita
The house, in Borgo San Jacopo, was the property of Baroness Alda von Anrep, Mariano’s sister. She was married to Baron Egbert; their son was named Cecil. Mariano,
Forty Years with Berenson
, 7, 208.

193
“had gone to Portugal”
Tutaev,
The Consul of Florence
, 49.

193
On a mid-August day
“Bernard Berenson,” 6 September 1944, Hartt Papers, Box 3, Folder 9.

193
“still living in his own house”
Sheldon Pennoyer, “Sand, Rubble and Fine Arts,” Sheldon Pennoyer Papers, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University.

193
On September 1, the first Allied soldier
Berenson,
Rumor and Reflection
, 419.

193
“Villa [delle Fontanelle] was perforated”
“Bernard Berenson,” 6 September 1944, Hartt Papers, Box 3, Folder 9.

193
“A shell burst near the convent enclosure”
Elisabetta “Nicky” Mariano, Diary, 15 August 1944, Private Collection, Italy. Diary published in slight variation in Mariano,
Forty Years with Berenson
, 340.

194
“After all the humanity”
Pennoyer, “Sand, Rubble and Fine Arts,” Pennoyer Papers.

194
Hofer instructed Reidemeister
Reidemeister, “Beitrag zum Rechenschaftsbericht des militärischen Kunstschutzes in Italien ‘Bergungsfahrten im Frontraum,’” 5 June 1945, Hartt Papers, Box 2, Folder 8.

195
“700 liters [185 gallons]”
Josef Ringler, “Gedächtnis-Protokoll (private Aufzeichnung des Dr. Ringler), der aus der Toscana nach Südtirol verbrachten Kunstschätze aus italienischem Staatsbesitz und ihre Betreuung durch den Denkmalpfleger in der Operationszone,” NARA, RG 331, 10000/145/440.

195
Captain Zobel, stopped in Bolzano
Zobel Diary Notes, found in Siviero,
L’Arte e il Nazismo,
86–87.

195
to the salt mines of Altaussee
Cooper and DeWald, “Report on the German Kunstschutz,” NARA, RG 239, M1944, Roll 71, 14.

196
“greeted as liberators”
Hartt,
Florentine Art Under Fire
, 69.

196
“The withdrawal of these works”
“Report on German Removals of Works of Art from Deposits in Tuscany,” 8 October 1944, Hartt Papers, Box 3, Folder 10.

196
handwritten receipt
Handwritten inventory of Poggio a Caiano, Hartt Papers, Box 4, Folder 7.

196
“Donatello’s
Saint George
!”
Hartt,
Florentine Art Under Fire
, 69.

196
“Dear Ernest: This is what they stole”
Hartt to DeWald, 7 September 1944, NARA, RG 331, 10000/145/ 71.

197
On September 7, and again. . . .
THIS IS THE FRONT
. . . . On August 18, a German officer. . . . “the village was a nest”. . . . After forcibly inspecting
Hartt,
Florentine Art Under Fire
, 71–72.

197
“official and had been ordered”
Ibid., 73.

198
At the Villa Landau-Finaly
Ugo Perini, “Particolari sull’asportazione di opere d’Arte compiuta dai paracadutisti tedeschi alla Villa Landau-Finaly posta in Firenze—Via Bolognese, No. 126,” 21 May 1945, NARA, RG 331, 10000/145/403. Given the proximity of the villas, and because part of the Finaly collection had been hidden in the Acton villa, the Germans believed it was all one collection. War-era documents usually make reference to a “Collection Finaly-Acton.”

198
Florentine art dealer and collector
Langdorff’s note on Contini, 27 October 1944, found in Siviero,
L’Arte e il Nazismo
, 89.

198
hid his collection in a villa at Podere di Trefiano
Alessandro Contini Bonacossi, “Lettera a Frederick Hartt con elenco opere trafugate dalle truppe tedesche,” 14 September 1944, Poggi Papers, Serie VIII, n.158, 16.

198
The 16th SS Panzer Division
Cooper and DeWald, “Report on the German Kunstschutz,” NARA, RG 239, M1944, Roll 71, 12.

198
“Only the fearless conduct”
Hartt,
Florentine Art Under Fire
, 76–77.

198
“On three separate occasions”
“Report on German Removals of Works of Art from Deposits in Tuscany,” 8 October 1944, Hartt Papers, Box 3, Folder 10.

199
“The pictures taken”
Ibid.

199
“A grand total of 529 paintings”. . . . “had suffered a robbery”
Hartt,
Florentine Art Under Fire
, 76.

Chapter 19: Resurrection

201
pounded the city for an additional three weeks
“Fine Arts Section,” Keller Papers, Box 19, Folder 10, 36.

201
“Thirty-eight of her monumental churches”
Ibid.

202
“The whole fresco was painted”
John B. Ward-Perkins, “Pisa: Camposanto,” 17 September 1944, Hartt Papers, Box 3, Folder 9.

202
Hume arrived the following morning. . . . Hume contacted. . . . within nine days
“Fine Arts Section,” Keller Papers, Box 19, Folder 10, 42–43.

202
“On my way home”
Letter to Kathy, 10 September 1944, Keller Papers, Box 7, Folder 48.

202
As soon as he reached Pisa. . . . lead poisoning. . . . “the dust was terrific”. . . . “a man with”
“Fine Arts Section,” Keller Papers, Box 19, Folder 10, 43–44.

203
German shells continued to fall
Field Report, 26 September 1944, Keller Papers, Box 21, Folder 32.

203
“midnight requisition”
Leonard Fisher (friend of Deane Keller), interview with the author, December 23, 2010.

203
“the Camposanto of Pisa is now”
Field Report, 26 September 1944, Keller Papers, Box 21, Folder 32.

203
“The job is done, works perfectly”
Letter, 12 October 1944, Keller Papers, Box 21, Folder 32.

203
“This is the biggest job”
Letter to Kathy, 9 October 1944, Keller Papers, Box 7, Folder 49.

203
The nearby Leaning Tower
“Fine Arts Section,” Keller Papers, Box 19, Folder 10, 45.

204
“Without the University”
Field Report, 8 October 1944, Keller Papers, Box 21, Folder 32.

204
On November 25
“Fine Arts Section,” Keller Papers, Box 19, Folder 10, 47.

205
“It is really necessary”
6 October 1944, Hartt Papers, Box 3, Folder 10.

205
“[Hartt] bores me to death”
Letter to Kathy, October 1944, Keller Papers, Box 7, Folder 49.

205
“the young intellectual’s habit”
Harris,
Bomber Offensive
, 130.

205
A day later, he wrote a letter
Keller to DeWald, 19 October 1944, Keller Papers, Box 21, Folder 32.

206
According to Poggi. . . . ‘Neumelans in Sand’
Poggi, “Memo,” 11 November 1944, Poggi Papers, Serie VIII, n.155, 5.

206
“I could find no such place”
Hartt,
Florentine Art Under Fire
, 96.

Chapter 20: Christmas Wishes

207
Cagiati and his travel companions
Sergio Giliotti,
La seconda Julia nella Resistenza: cronistoria di una brigata partigiana
(Reggio Emilia: Diabasis, 2010), 133.

207
favored adviser to Pope Pius XII
Cornwell,
Hitler’s Pope
, 65.

208
“trustworthy man . . . the son”
Ennio Caretto, “Montini, una scelta Americana per l’Italia,”
Corriere della Sera
, 26 August 2003, 31.

208
“Pippo”. . . . exchanged many letters
Letter, Cagiati to Serlupi, 1/12/34, Private Collection, Italy.

208
“We should like very much”
Donovan to McCloy, 15 December 1942, NARA, RG 226, Entry 190, Box 579.

208
During a brief posting . . . first American to enter Naples
Alessandro Cagiati, “OSS Italian Activities January 1943–June 1945,” March 1947, NARA, RG 226, Entry 190, Box 73, 17.

209
On September 1
Berenson,
Rumor and Reflection
, 419.

209
Don Guido Anelli was the parish priest. . . . active leader—nom de guerre
Luigina Anelli (Don Guido Anelli’s sister), in discussion with Anna Bottinelli, 22 December 2010, and 20 February 2011; Pietro Bonardi (historian and Resistance expert), in discussion with Anna Bottinelli, 20 December 2010; Sergio Giliotti (partisan and friend of Anelli’s), in discussion with Anna Bottinelli, 22 December 2010; “Nel X anniversario l’A.P.C. ricorda Don Guido Anelli,”
Vita Nuova
, no. 10, 10 March 1979, 7; “Don Anelli, prete volante un ardimentoso partigiano,”
Gazzetta di Parma
, 7 May 1990, 3; “Il prete partigiano è ritornato a casa,”
Gazzetta di Parma
, 13 May 1990; “Si ricorda don Anelli a otto anni dalla morte,”
Gazzetta di Parma
, 9 March 1978, 7; “Don Tito promotore della lotta di liberazione,”
Gazzetta di Parma
, 14 May 1945, 2; Sergio Giliotti, “Don Guido Anelli, il prete volante e le azioni della 2° Julia,”
Il contributo dei Cattolici alla lotta di Liberazione in Emilia-Romagna
, Acts of meeting held on 1, 2, 3 May 1964, in Parma and Salsomaggiore (1966), 281–88; Sergio Giliotti,
La Seconda Julia nella Resistenza: cronistoria di una brigata partigiana
(Reggio-Emilia: Diabasis, 2010), 131–34.

209
Anelli had secretly crossed enemy lines. . . . “inform the Vatican”
Alessandro Cagiati, “Report on visit to Rome with two couriers from Parma C.L.N.,” 6 December 1944, NARA, RG 226, Entry 190, Box 73, Appendix A, 2.

209
These isolated actions became
Orgill,
The Gothic Line
, 36.

210
Karl Wolff held responsibility
Wolff,
Mit Wissen Hitlers
, 12–13.

210
But increasingly their attacks
Gerhard Schreiber, “Partisanenkrieg und Kriegsverbrechen der Wehrmacht 1943 bis 1945,”
Repression und Kriegsverbrechen, Die Bekämpfung von Widerstands- und Partisanenbewegungen gegen die deutsche Besatzung in West- und Südeuropa
(Berlin/Göttingen: Verlag der Buchläden, 1997), 94–95.

210
“to adopt the severest measures”
Kesselring order. [WO 204/11496] found in Richard Lamb,
War in Italy 1943–1945—A Brutal Story
(New York: Da Capo Press, 1993), 316.

210
“Only the best troops”
Schreiber, “Partisanenkrieg und Kriegsverbrechen der Wehrmacht 1943 bis 1945,” 97.

210
The subsequent burning of villages
Ibid., 110–12.

210
“During the interview”
Cagiati, “Report on visit to Rome with two couriers from Parma C.L.N.,” Appendix A, 2.

210
“Cagiati and the other partisan liaison officers”
Gilberta Serlupi Crescenzi diary, 28 November 1944, Private Collection, Italy.

210
Deputy Secretary of State for Extraordinary Affairs
Cornwell,
Hitler’s Pope
, 221.

210
During those meetings. . . . “The news that large numbers of partisans”
Cagiati, “Report on visit to Rome with two couriers from Parma C.L.N.,” 5.

211
“From an OSS point of view”
Ibid., 6–7.

211
13 million lire followed
Giliotti,
La Seconda Julia nella Resistenza
, 132.

211
“That money saved our squads”
“Don Anelli, prete volante un ardimentoso partigiano,”
Gazzetta di Parma
.

211
noticed a prayer book in Anelli’s abandoned seat. . . . As the plane reached the drop point,
Giliotti,
La Seconda Julia nella Resistenza
, 133.

212
On December 9, Fascist Radio
Fascist Radio, “Messaggio sull’ispezione fatta dal Direttore Generale delle Arti, prof. Carlo Anti,” 11 December 1944, Poggi Papers, Serie VIII, n.155, 5.

212
“I am choking”
Elena Franchi, “Vertrauen und Misstrauen: die schwierigen Beziehungen zwischen der Italienischen Sozialrepublik und dem ‘Kunstschutz.’ Einige umstrittene Fälle,” in
Kunsthistoriker im Krieg. Deutscher Militärischer Kunstschutz in Italien 1943–1945
, ed. Christian Fuhrmeister et al. (Cologne/Weimar/Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 2012), 121.

212
The following day, Dr. Josef Ringler. . . . While Ringler didn’t know. . . . Their trip took them. . . . The inspection was brief
Ringler, “Gedächtnis-Protokoll (private Aufzeichnung des Dr. Ringler),” NARA, RG 331, 10000/145/440.

213
But he knew that Rupprecht
Ringler, “Bericht des kommissarischen Leiters des Denkmalamtes (Soprintendenza ai monumenti e gallerie) in Trient über die Bergung von Kunstgut in der Operantionszone Alpenvorland,” 15 May 1945, NARA, RG 331, 10000/145/440.

213
“the directives”
James S. Plaut, “Hitler’s Capital,”
Atlantic Monthly
, vol. 178, no. 4, October 1946, 75.

213
“The present situation is to be regarded”
Stephen E. Ambrose,
Citizen Soldiers
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 208.

214
“On entering the city hall”
Keller to Sizer, 6 December 1944, Theodore Sizer Papers, Box 11, Folder 167.

214
“Dearest: Today is Christmas”
Letter to Kathy, 25 December 1944, Keller Papers, Box 7, Folder 51.