Secondary Schizophrenia (168 page)

epileptic aura,
32,
33

studies,
149

epilepsy affinity,
88,
89t

neuroimaging studies on,
92

Erkwoh, R.,
64

Edell, W. S.,
132

neuropathological studies on,

Eror, E. A.,
208

Edinburgh High-Risk Study,
5

92–
3

estrogen,
370

pathophysiological mechanisms,

effective connectivity,
63

93–
5

ethosuximide,
87

ego-dystonia,
198

cellular/molecular

event-related potential (ERP)

electrical kindling,
93,
105,
106

consequences of repeated

technique,
132–
3

seizures,
93–
4

electrocardiography, for Friedrich’s

composite model of,
95, 95f

extrapyramidal side effects (EPS)

Ataxia,
334

cortical dysgenesis hypothesis,

in Fahr’s Disease,
360,
362

in leukodystrophies,
250

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),
103

94

cortical excitation/inhibition

in secondary schizophrenia,
395

electroencephalogram (EMG)

imbalance,
94–
5

leukodystrophies,
249

diffuses brain damage

schizophrenia,
60,
61

face-hand test,
52

hypothesis,
94–
5

electroencephalograph (EEG)

epileptiform disturbance,
93–
4

facial appearance, nontypical,
311f

brain tumor,
267

underlying neuropathological/

facial asymmetry,
49,
53

delirium,
179–
80

physiological dysfunction,

Fahr’s Disease (IBGC) and psychosis

forced normalization,
103–
4

94

background,
358

ictal psychosis,
82

postlobectomy psychosis,
91–
2,

basal ganglia role in,
359–
60

kindling,
105

92t

causes of BGC,
361

laterality of epileptic focus,
91

risk factors of chronic SLP with

chemically induced or iatrogenic

leukodystrophies,
249

epilepsy

conditions,
361

postictal psychosis,
84

age at onset/duration/severity

genetic/congenital conditions,

schizophrenia,
63,
65–
6

of epilepsy,
89–
90

359,
361,
362

traumatic brain injury,
193

family history,
91

infectious/inflammatory

electrophysiological abnormalities,
5

laterality of epileptic focus,
91

conditions,
361

mediobasal or neocortical

Ellinwood, E. H. Jr.,
129–
30

metabolic conditions,
361

temporal lobe epilepsy,
90

neurological conditions,
361

emotional processing,
4

premorbid personality,
91

clinical features,
360–
1

sex,
91

endogenous opiates,
85

cognitive,
360–
1

summary of,
90t

neurological,
360

endophenotypes,
289–
90

temporal lobe epilepsy,
90

psychiatric,
360

difference from Fahr’s Syndrome,

Fogel, B. L.,
335

Fujii, D. E.,
189,
191,
192,
193

358

Folstein, S. E.,
351

functional connectivity,
63

differential diagnosis,
361

etiology,
359

forced normalization (FN)

functional near-infrared spectroscopy

future research,
362

clinical features and diagnosis,

(fNIRS),
61

implications for clinical practice,

104–
9

functional neuroimaging, in

362

adenosine hypothesis,
108

schizophrenia

management of,
362

antiepileptic drug role,
104

aberrant regional recruitment under

natural history, prognosis,
361

apoptosis/vascular dysfunction,

task,
63–
4

pathogenesis/pathology,
359–
60

107,
108f

beta band electrical activity,
65

prevalence/incidence,
358

channelopathy,
107

brain function and schizophrenia,

treatment,
361–
2

clinical description,
104–
5

60

diagnostic criteria,
105

Fahr’s Syndrome (FS),
358

cerebral disconnectivity,
61–
3

primary,
105

correlates of clinical

Family Interview for Genetic Studies,

supportive,
105

symptomatology,
66

289

endogenous cannabinoids,
107

functional near-infrared

Farrell, M.,
129

κ
opioids,
107

spectroscopy,
61

limbic kindling,
105–
6

Fattal, O.,
236

future research,
67

neurotransmitter role,
106f
,
107

gamma band electrical activity,
65

Feinberg, I.,
7–
8

putative neurobiological

hodological approach,
61–
2

mechanisms,
105

Feinstein, A.,
192,
275

hypofrontality,
61f
,
61,
62f

evolution of concept,
103–
4

low-resolution electromagnetic

Fenelon, G.,
34

implications of,
108–
9

tomography,
65

Fergusson, D.,
172,
173

and schizophrenia-like psychosis,
88

receptor occupancy evaluation with

Ferraro, A.,
267

formal thought disorder,
66,
266

PET,
66–
7

regional interconnectivity studies,

ffytche, D.,
23,
374

Franzen, G.,
61

63

Finkel, S. I.,
205

frataxin,
334,
335

resting disconnectivity,
64–
5

volumetric intercorrelations,
66

Finkelstein, S.,
200

Frégoli Syndrome,
205

xenon inhalation method,
61
See
first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs),

Fried, I.,
33

also
electroencephalogram;

395

Friedrich, N.,
332,
333

electroencephalograph;

fMRI;
magnetic resonance

first-rank symptoms of Schneider,
83

Friedrich’s Ataxia (FRDA), and

imaging; neurochemical

FISH test,
310,
311f
,
313

schizophrenia-like psychosis

brain imaging; positron

age of onset,
332

Fitzpatrick, R.,
129

emission tomography;

clinical features,
332–
4

single photon emission

Flaum, M.,
131

course of illness,
334

computed tomography

genetic abnormality in,
334

Fletcher, P.,
5

laboratory investigations,
334

Furmaga, K. M.,
277

Flor-Henry, P.,
91

other autosomal recessive cerebellar

fusiform face area,
373

ataxias,
335

fluorescence in-situ hybridization

psychosis in,
334–
5

(FISH) analysis,
310,
311f
,
Quebec Cooperative Study criteria,

GAA experiments,
334

313

332

gabapentin,
87

flumazenil,
341

signs and symptoms,
332–
3, 333t
,
gag reflex, impaired,
49

fluoxamine,
182

334

cardiac involvement,
333

gait

fMRI study

impaired glucose tolerance/

apraxic,
51

aberrant regional recruitment under

diabetes mellitus,
333

magnetic,
51

task,
64

late-onset FRDA,
334

in schizophrenia,
48–
9,
51

amygdala,
6

less common features,
333

hallucinations,
34,
66,
373

γ
-amino-butyric acid (GABA)

neurological features,
332–
3

ketamine-induced by regional

GABAergic interneuron deficits in

psychiatric features,
333–
4

activation,
146–
7

PCP-related models,
153–
4

treatment,
335

resting disconnectivity,
64–
5

GABA receptors,
27–
8,
84–
5,
95,

tinnitus,
29

Friston, K.,
62

106–
7

working memory,
5

fronto-temporal dementias (FTD)

and Huntington’s Disease,
352,
353

and Prader-Willi Syndrome,
330

focal lesions,
267

psychotic symptoms,
206
See also
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

toxic psychosis,
330

425

gamma band electrical activity,
65

Goetz, C. G.,
34

haloperidol,
87,
143,
145,
277,

Gaudreau, J.,
183

Goldberg, E.,
25

353

gegenhalten,
51

Go-No Go test,
50

haplotype,
293–
4

genetic investigations of schizophrenia

Goto, T.,
130

HapMaps,
290,
297–
8

(SZ)

Grant, F. C.,
374

haptic
hallucinations. See tactile

alternative clinical phenotypes,

hallucinations

289–
90

gray matter

Hara, T.,
128,
130

association studies,
292,
294t

increase in child with VCFS,
315