Songs of Innocence (35 page)

17
. Rowntree,
Poverty
, p.337.

18
. Elizabeth Crawford,
The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866–1928
, Routledge, London, 1999,
p.444.

19
. Elizabeth Crawford,
Enterprising Women: The Garretts and their Circle
, Francis Boutle, London, 2002, Chapter 3.

20
. Carol Dyhouse,
Girls Growing up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England
, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1981, p.50

21
. The Bryce Commission, 1895.

22
. Quoted in Dyhouse, op. cit., p. 90.

23
. Foley,
A Bolton Childhood
, p. 31.

24
. Grahame Allen and Joe Hicks,
A Century of Change: Trends in UK Statistics Since 1900
, House of Commons Library, 1999.

25
. Foley,
A Bolton Childhood
, p. 38.

26
. Rowntree,
Poverty
.

27
. Rowntree, Poverty, p. 210.

28
. Rowntree, Poverty, p. 266–294.

29
. Lionel Rose,
The Massacre of the Innocents: Infanticide in Great Britain, 1800–1939
, Routledge, London, 1986,
p.178–9.

30
. Rose,
The Massacre of the Innocents
, Op. Cit.

31
. Claire Tomalin,
Jane Austen: A Life
, Penguin Celebrations, London, 2000.

32
.
Hansard
, 25 March 1897, column 1532, volume 47. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/­lords/1897/mar/29/#column_1532. Accessed 7
October 2010.

Chapter 2: Cosseted Edwardians

1
. Sonia Keppel,
Edwardian Daughter
, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1958, p.3.

2
.
The Times,
15 February, 1909.

3
. Ibid.

4
. See ‘Worlds Enough and Time: The cult of childhood in Edwardian fiction’, by Adrienne E. Gavin and Andrew F. Humphries,
(eds.)
Childhood in Edwardian Fiction Worlds Enough and Time
, by Adrienne E. Gavin and Andrew F. Humphries, (eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2009.

5
. See Rosemary Hill, ‘Wild waters are upon us’,
Guardian
, 13 June 2009.East Riding of Yorkshire archives, file numbers
DDX/381/17 onwards.

6
. Keppel,
Edwardian Daughter
, p. 23.

7
. H. D. C. Pepler,
His Majesty.
Headley Bros, London, 1905. p.35.

8
. Ellen Key,
The Renaissance of Motherhood
, translated from the Swedish by Anna E. B. Fries. New York and London, G. P.
Putnam’s Sons, Knickerbocker Press, 1914, p.134–5.

9
. H. D. C. Pepler,
His Majesty.
Headley Bros, London, 1905. p.35.

10
. Quoted in H. D. C. Pepler,
His Majesty.
Headley Bros, London, 1905, p. 14.

11
. Keppel,
Edwardian Daughter
, p. 34.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Ibid, p.31.

14
. Quoted in Hardyment,
Dream Babies
, p.103.

15
. Olive Everson,
Mrs Parsley Remembers – In the Shadow of the Big House. Recollections of a Suffolk Life
, Robert Blake,
Lavenham, Suffolk, 1991.

16
. Helen Campbell,
Practical Motherhood
, Longman, London, 1910. Quoted in Hardyment,
Dream Babies
, p.103, Sept. 1952.

17
. Christina Hardyment,
Dream Babies: Childcare from Locke to Spock
, Jonathan Cape, London, 1983.

18
. Lizzie Allen Harker,
Parallels: From A Romance of the Nursery
, John Lane, London and New York, 1903.

19
. Quoted in Hardyment,
Dream Babies
, p.155.

20
.
The Times,
February 1909, op. cit.

Chapter 3: Scout’s Honour

1
. Quoted in Tim Jeal,
Baden-Powell: Founder of the Boy Scouts
, Hutchinson, London, 1989, p.359..

2
. Anne Colquhoun, Phil Lyon & Emily Alexander, ‘Feeding minds and bodies: The Edwardian context of school meals’,
Nutrition
and Food Science
, 2001, vol. 31, issue 3, pp. 117–25.

3
. Miss E. F. M. Sowerbutts, file number 89/6/1, Imperial War Museum.

4
. Quoted in Donald Read (ed.),
Documents from Edwardian England
, George Harrap, London, 1973, p.22.

5
. Ibid. p.24.

6
.
Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration
, 1904, quoted in Read (ed.),
Documents from Edwardian
England
, p.213.

7
. S. C. Johnson,
A History of Emigration
, Routledge, London, 1913, quoted in Read (ed.),
Documents from Edwardian England
,
pp.18–19.

8
. Hardyment,
Dream Babies
, p.113.

9
. Hodgson, Helen,
Mrs Blossom on Babies,
Scientific Press: London, 1909.

10
. Quoted in Hardyment,
Dream Babies
, op. cit., p.97.

11
. Quoted in Read (ed.),
Documents from Edwardian England
, p.220.

12
. Everson,
Mrs Parsley Remembers
, p.19.

13
. George Perry and Alan Aldridge,
The Penguin Book of Comics
, Penguin, London, 1989, p.54.

14
. Simon Popple and Joe Kember,
Early Cinema: From Factory Gate to Dream Factory
, Wallflower Press, London, 2004, p.18.

15
. Elsie Oman,
Salford Stepping Stones
, Neil Richardson, Manchester, 1983, p.11.

16
. Quoted in Popple and Kember,
Early Cinema
, p.149.

17
. Keppel,
Edwardian Daughter
, p.27.

18
. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/­longview/longview_20030408.shtml. Accessed 13 October 2010.

19
. Keppel,
Edwardian Daughter
, p.31.

20
. Everson,
Mrs Parsley Remembers
, p.10.

21
. Nordau, Max,
Degeneration,
D. Appleton, London: 1895.

22
. Keppel,
Edwardian Daughter
, p. 90.

23
. Keppel,
Edwardian Daughter
, p. 103.

24
. Oman,
Salford Stepping Stones
, p. 19.

25
. Quoted in Justine Picardie, ‘How bad was J. M. Barrie?’,
Telegraph
, 13 July 2008.

26
. Hermione, Countess of Ranfurly,
The Ugly One: The Childhood Memoirs of Hermione, Countess of Ranfurly, 1913–1939
,
Penguin, London, 1998, p.33.

27
. Ranfurly,
The Ugly One
, p. 36.

28
. Private papers of A. F. Uncle, Item 89/7/1, Imperial War Museum.

29
. Oman,
Salford Stepping Stones
, p.19.

30
.
Mrs Parsley Remembers
, p.37.

31
. E. Sylvia Pankhurst,
The Home Front
, Century Hutchinson, London, 1987, p.20

32
. Pankhurst,
The Home Front
, p. 248.

33
. Pankhurst,
The Home Front
, p. 21.

34
. Ranfurly,
The Ugly One
, p.83.

35
. Ranfurly,
The Ugly One
, p.37–40.

36
. Harry Watkin,
From Hulme All Blessings Flow – A Collection of Manchester Memories
, Neil Richardson, Manchester, 1985,
p.20.

37
. Quoted in Jeal,
Baden-Powell
, p.470.

38
.
From Hulme All Blessings Flow,
p. 21.

39
.
Headquarters Gazette.
November 1914.

40
. Michael Rosenthal,
The Character Factory
, HarperCollins, London, 1986.

41
. Jeal,
Baden-Powell
, p.471.

42
. Speech by the Director General of the Security Service, Jonathan Evans, at Bristol University, 15 October 2009,
https:­/­/­www.mi5.gov.uk­/­output­/­mi5_defending_the_realm.html. Accessed 15 October 2010.

43
. Jeal,
Baden-Powell
, p.471.

44
. Private papers of W. H. Williams, documents 4045. Imperial War Museum.

45
. Richard Van Emden,
Boy Soldiers of the Great War
, Headline, London, 2006.

46
. Pankhurst,
The Home Front
, p. 275

47
. See http://www.seayourhistory.org.uk/­content/view/708/921. Accessed 15 October 2010.

48
. See http://www.firstworldwar.com/­diaries/aboysexperiences.htm. Accessed 15 October 2010.

49
. Committee of Inquiry into Breaches of the Laws of War, First Interim Report January 1919.

50
. Steve Humphries and Richard Van Emden,
All Quiet on the Home Front
: A Oral History of Life in Britain during the First World
War, Headline, London, 2004, p. 180.

51
. Day,
London Born
, p. 6.

52
. Oman,
Salford Stepping Stones
, p. 125.

53
. Watkin,
From Hulme All Blessings Flow
, p.23.

54
. Ranfurly,
The Ugly One
, p.48.

Chapter 4: Between the Wars

1
. Day,
London Born
.

2
. Day,
London Born
, p. 28.

3
. Martin Pugh,
We Danced All Night, A Social History of Britain Between the Wars
, Vintage, London,
2009.

4
. Richard Overy,
The Morbid Age: Britain Between the Wars
, Allen Lane, London, 2009.

5
. Emma Smith,
The Great Western Beach: A Memoir of a Cornish Childhood Between the Wars
, Bloomsbury, London, 2008, p. 17.

6
. Smith,
The Great Western Beach
p. 8.

7
. Ranfurly,
The Ugly One
, p. 122.

8
. Ranfurly,
The Ugly One
, p. 130.

9
. Ranfurly,
The Ugly One
, p. 103.

10
. Frederick Truby King,
Feeding and Care of Baby
, Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1907, OUP, 1945, p. 1.

11
. King,
Feeding and Care of Baby
, p. 9.

12
. See Overy,
The Morbid Age
, pp. 94–102.

13
. Day,
London Born
, p. 17.

14
.
Report of the Departmental Committee on Sterilisation
, HMSO, 1934.

15
. Kenneth Wills,
What fathers should tell their sons
; Mary Schwarlieb,
What mothers must tell their children
: British
Social Hygiene Council, London, 1925.

16
. ‘Experimental tests of general intelligence,’ quoted in Brian Evans and Bernard Waites,
IQ and Mental Testing: An
Unnatural Science and its Social History
, Humanities Press, New Jersey, 1981, p. 55.

17
. Cyril Burt,
The Young Delinquent
, University of London Press, London, 1925.

18
. Pugh,
We Danced All Night
, p. 200.

19
. Cyril Burt papers, University of Liverpool Special Collections and Archives. D191 26/3 Material relating to the Board of Education
Consultative Committee

20
. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/­podcasts/emigrationtocanada.htm. Accessed July 8, 2012.

21
. Hickson,
Child Migrant From Liverpool
, p. 4.

22
. Hickson,
Child Migrant From Liverpool
, p. 7.

23
. Hickson,
Child Migrant From Liverpool
, p. 13.

24
. Hickson,
Child Migrant From Liverpool
, p. 51.

25
. Note by Anne Bott in Flo Hickson,
Flo: Child Migrant from Liverpool
, Plowright Press, Warwick, 1998, p. i.

26
. John Lane,
Fairbridge Kid
, Fremantle Arts Centre, Fairbridge, Western Australia, 1990.

27
. Speech to the Imperial Education Conference, copy in University of Liverpool Special Collections and Archives, File D191 26/3.

28
. W. D. Wills,
Homer Lane. A Biography,
George Allen & Unwin, London, 1964, pp. 156–195.

29
. Lane, Homer,
Talks to Parents and Teachers
, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1928, pp
188–193.

30
. Interview with the author, April 2010.

31
. National Archives, HO 144/21511.

32
. Interview with the author, April 2010.

33
. Also detailed in Bernard Kops,
The World is a Wedding
, first published by MacGibbon & Kee, London, 1963. This edition
Five Leaves, Nottingham, 2008, p. 35.

Chapter 5: War Babies

1
. Mass Observation, Diarist number 5223, Diary of K. Watts, Boy aged 15 years, 2 Frederick Street, Aldershot, Hampshire, 29
August–4 September 1939. Mass Observation Reports, University of Sussex Library Special Collections, ICHAP 5, p. 120.

2
. London Metropolitan Archives, information leaflet no.32:
http://217.154.230.218/NR/rdonlyres/­96DAF40C-91DD-4EAA-A79F54D83E80F154/0/­32THEEVACUATIONOFCHILDREN ­FROMTHECOUNTYOFLONDONDURINGTHESECONWORLDWAR19391945.pdf. Accessed 16 December 2011.

3
. Kops,
The World is a Wedding
, p. 50.

4
. Ibid, p. 54.

5
. http://www.bbc.co.uk/­my-story/stories/sadness/171219/. Accessed 18 October 2010. Archive since removed.

6
. Quoted in Martin Parsons,
War Child: Children Caught in Conflict
, Tempus Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2008.

7
. National Federation of Women’s Institutes,
Town Children Through Country Eyes: A Survey on Evacuation, 1940
, Abinger,
Surrey, 1943.