Strategy (126 page)

22
. Michel Foucault,
The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Science
(London: Tavistock Publications, 1970).

23
. Michel Foucault,
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
(London: Penguin, 1991).

24
. Michel Foucault, “The Subject and Power,”
Critical Inquiry
8, no. 4 (Summer 1982): 777–795.

25
. Julian Reid, “Life Struggles: War, Discipline, and Biopolitics in the Thought of Michel Foucault,”
Social Text
86, 24: 1, Spring 2006.

26
. Michel Foucault,
Society Must Be Defended
, translated by David Macey (London: Allen Lane, 2003), 49–53, 179.

27
. Michel Foucault,
Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1977), 27.

28
. Foucault, Power/Knowledge, 145.

29
. In J. G. Merquior's critique,
Foucault
(London: Fontana Press, 1985), he is described as being in a French tradition of philosophical glamour, combining brilliant literary gifts with a “theorizing wantonly free of academic discipline.”

30
. Robert Scholes and Robert Kellogg,
The Nature of Narrative
(London: Oxford University Press, 1968).

31
. Roland Barthes and Lionel Duisit, “An Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narrative,”
New Literary History
6, no. 2 (Winter 1975): 237–272. Originally published in
Communications
8, 1966, as “Introduction à l'analyse structurale des récits.” This journal set in motion the structuralist study of narrative in 1966 with a special issue on the topic.

32
. Editor's Note,
Critical Inquiry
, Autumn 1980. The volume was published as W. T. J. Mitchell,
On Narrative
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).

33
. Francesca Polletta, Pang Ching, Bobby Chen, Beth Gharrity Gardner, and Alice Motes, “The Sociology of Storytelling,”
Annual Review of Sociology
37 (2011): 109–130.

34
. Mark Turner,
The Literary Mind
(New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 14–20.

35
. William Colvin, “The Emergence of Intelligence,”
Scientific American
9, no. 4 (November 1998): 44–51.

36
. Molly Patterson and Kristen Renwick Monroe, “Narrative in Political Science,”
Annual Review of Political Science
1 (June 1998): 320.

37
. Jane O'Reilly, “The Housewife's Moment of Truth,”
Ms
., Spring 1972, 54. Cited by Francesca Polletta,
It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 48–50.

38
. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, eds.,
Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime and Militancy
(Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001).

39
. See, for example Jay Rosen, “Press Think Basics: The Master Narrative in Journalism,” September 8, 2003, available at
http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/weblogs/pressthink/2003/09/08/basics_master.html
.

1
. William Safire, “On Language: Narrative,”
New York Times
, December 5, 2004. By the same token, Al Gore had been criticized during the 2000 presidential debates for telling “tall tales.” The problem, as Francesca Polletta noted, was Gore lacked a gift for “persuasive storytelling,” and that intellectual policy wonks were less able to make appeals to emotions. Francesca Polletta,
It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics
(see chap. 26, n. 37).

2
. Frank Lutz,
Words that Work: It's Not What You Say, It's What People Hear
(New York: Hyperion, 1997), 149–157.

3
.
http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4443.htm
.

4
. George Lakoff,
Don't Think of an Elephant!: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate
(White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2004).

5
. George Lakoff,
Whose Freedom? The Battle Over America's Most Important Idea
(New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006).

6
. Drew Westen,
The Political Brain
(New York: Public Affairs, 2007), 99–100, 138, 147, 346.

7
. Steven Pinker, “Block That Metaphor!,”
The New Republic
, October 9, 2006.

8
. Lutz,
Words that Work
, 3. As with many other effective political communicators, he went back to Orwell's famous 1946 essay on “Politics and the English Language,” which stressed the importance of plain English; brevity; avoiding pretentious, meaningless, and foreign words; and jargon. See
http://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/politics/english/e_polit
/.

9
. Donald R. Kinder, “Communication and Politics in the Age of Information,” in David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis, eds.,
Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 372, 374–375.

10
. Norman Mailer,
Miami and the Siege of Chicago: An Informal History of the Republican and Democratic Conventions of 1968
(New York: World Publishing Company, 1968), 51.

11
. Jill Lepore, “The Lie Factory: How Politics Became a Business,”
The New Yorker
, September 24, 2012.

12
. Joseph Napolitan,
The Election Game and How to Win It
(New York: Doubleday, 1972); Larry Sabato,
The Rise of Political Consultants: New Ways of Winning Elections
(New York: Basic Books, 1981).

13
. Dennis Johnson,
No Place for Amateurs: How Political Consultants Are Reshaping American Democracy
(New York: Routledge, 2011), xiii.

14
. James Thurber, “Introduction to the Study of Campaign Consultants,” in James Thurber, ed.,
Campaign Warriors: The Role of Political Consultants in Elections
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2000), 2.

15
. Dan Nimmo,
The Political Persuaders: The Techniques of Modern Election Campaigns
(New York: Prentice Hall, 1970), 41.

16
. James Perry,
The New Politics: The Expanding Technology of Political Manipulation
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968).

17
. The origins of the ad and its impact are discussed in Robert Mann,
Daisy Petals and Mushroom Clouds: LBJ, Barry Goldwater, and the Ad That Changed American Politics
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011).

18
. Joe McGinniss,
Selling of the President
(London: Penguin, 1970), 76; Kerwin Swint,
Dark Genius: The Influential Career of Legendary Political Operative and Fox News Founder Roger Ailes
(New York: Union Square Press, 2008).

19
. Richard Whalen,
Catch the Falling Flag
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 135.

20
. James Boyd, “Nixon's Southern Strategy: It's All in the Charts,”
New York Times
, May 17, 1970.

21
. Phillips eventually came to object to the conservative politics he had helped to promote and wrote of an “Erring Republican Majority.” He moved to the left, for example, Kevin Phillips,
American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century
(New York: Viking, 2006).

22
. Nelson Polsby, “An Emerging Republican Majority?”
National Affairs
, Fall 1969.

23
. Richard M. Scammon and Ben J. Wattenberg,
The Real Majority
(New York: Coward McCann, 1970).

24
. Lou Cannon,
President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2000), 21; Ewen,
PR! A Social History of Spin
(see chap. 2, n. 28), 396.

25
. Perry,
The New Politics
, 16, 21–31. He employed Spencer and Roberts, who had worked for Nelson Rockefeller against Barry Goldwater in 1966, and said afterwards that he would always in the future use “professional managers.”

26
. William Rusher,
Making of the New Majority Party
(Lanham, MD: Sheed and Ward, 1975). Rusher was making a case for a new conservative party, but his argument worked for an insurgency within the Republican Party.

27
. Kiron K. Skinner, Serhiy Kudelia, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, and Condoleezza Rice,
The Strategy of Campaigning: Lessons from Ronald Reagan and Boris Yeltsin
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 132–133.

28
. David Domke and Kevin Coe,
The God Strategy: How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 16–17, 101.

29
. John Brady,
Bad Boy: The Life and Politics of Lee Atwater
(New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 34–35, 70.

30
. Richard Fly, “The Guerrilla Fighter in Bush's War Room,”
Business Week
, June 6, 1988.

31
. By the time of Atwater's death, only the first volume,
The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power
(New York: Alfred Knopf, 1982), had been
published. Caro is now up to volume 4. In his admiration for Caro, Atwater was by no means unique among political strategists.

32
. John Pitney, Jr.,
The Art of Political Warfare
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000), 12–15.

33
. Mary Matalin, James Carville, and Peter Knobler,
All's Fair: Love, War and Running for President
(New York: Random House, 1995), 54.

34
. Brady,
Bad Boy
, 56.

35
. Matalin, Carville, and Knobler,
All's Fair
, 48.

36
. Brady,
Bad Boy
, 117–118.

37
. Ibid., 136.

38
. Sidney Blumenthal,
Pledging Allegiance: The Last Campaign of the Cold War
(New York: Harper Collins, 1990), 307–308.

39
. Eric Benson, “Dukakis's Regret,”
New York Times
, June 17, 2012.

40
. Domke and Coe,
The God Strategy
, 29.

41
. Sidney Blumenthal,
The Permanent Campaign: Inside the World of Elite Political Operatives
(New York: Beacon Press, 1980).

42
. Matalin, Carville, and Knobler,
All's Fair
, 186, 263, 242, 208, 225.

43
. The document was from Quintus Tullius Cicero to his brother Marcus, running for Consul in 64 BCE. “Campaign Tips from Cicero: The Art of Politics from the Tiber to the Potomac,” commentary by James Carville,
Foreign Affairs
, May/June 2012.

44
. James Carville and Paul Begala,
Buck Up, Suck Up… And Come Back When You Foul Up
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 50.

45
. Ibid., 108, 65.

46
. For a defense of negative campaigning, see Frank Rich, “Nuke 'Em,”
New York Times
, June 17, 2012.

47
. Kim Leslie Fridkin and Patrick J. Kenney, “Do Negative Messages Work?: The Impact of Negativity on Citizens' Evaluations of Candidates,”
American Politics Research
32 (2004): 570.

48
. A complicating factor in 1992 was the independent candidacy of Ross Perot. Although his campaign was somewhat chaotic, he managed to gain almost 20 percent of the popular vote. Although he seems to have taken equally from both Bush and Clinton, on balance he hurt Bush more.

49
. Domke and Coe,
The God Strategy
, 117.

50
. Leading to headline: “Pat Robertson Says Feminists Want to Kill Kids, Be Witches,” Ibid., 133.

51
. James McLeod, “The Sociodrama of Presidential Politics: Rhetoric, Ritual, and Power in the Era of Teledemocracy,”
American Anthropologist
, New Series 10, no. 2 (June 1999): 359–373. Quayle was not helped by an incident in June 1992 when he erroneously corrected an elementary school student's spelling of “potato” to “potatoe.”

52
. David Paul Kuhn, “Obama Models Campaign on Reagan Revolt,”
Politico
, July 24, 2007.

53
. David Plouffe,
The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama's Historic Victory
(New York: Viking, 2009), 236–238, 378–379. For a full account of the campaign, see John Heilemann and Mark Halperin,
Game Change
(New York: Harper Collins, 2010).

54
. John B. Judis and Ruy Teixeira,
The Emerging Democratic Majority
(New York: Lisa Drew, 2002).

55
. Peter Slevin, “For Clinton and Obama, a Common Ideological Touchstone,”
Washington Post
, March 25, 2007.

56
. She was quoting
The Economist
: “Plato on the Barricades,”
The Economist
, May 13–19, 1967, 14. The thesis, entitled “THERE IS ONLY THE FIGHT… An Analysis of the Alinsky Model,” was circulated by largely right-wing bloggers during 2008. See
http://www.gopublius.com/HCT/HillaryClintonThesis.pdf
.

1
. Paul Uselding, “Management Thought and Education in America: A Centenary Appraisal,” in Jeremy Atack, ed.,
Business and Economic History
, Second Series 10 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1981), 16.

2
. Matthew Stewart,
The Management Myth: Why the Experts Keep Getting It Wrong
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2009), 41. See also Jill Lepore, “Not So Fast: Scientific Management Started as a Way to Work. How Did It Become a Way of Life?”
The New Yorker
, October 12, 2009.