Tea (10 page)

During this time, serving tea became a political tool. Depending on how the ceremony was presented—where the guests were seated and the type and number of utensils involved—the tea ceremony was used to unify rank, impress visitors, or promote peace and friendship. No matter how it was used, however, the idea of the tea ceremony became the antithesis of war and brutality. The teahouse was the polar opposite of the battlefield.

When civil war came to an end at the close of the fourteenth century, tocha was officially banned because the ruling powers believed that the large, raucous gatherings contributed to rioting and unrest. But tocha was such a part of everyday life that the ban was generally ignored. Commoners and soldiers still enjoyed boisterous tea games, while samurai nobles and aristocrats continued to experience slightly more sophisticated, but still ostentatious, tea gatherings.

AGE OF THE JAPANESE TEA MASTERS

Early Masters: Ikkyu, Shuko, and Takeno Joo

Prince Ikkyu, who lived at the beginning of the fifteenth century (
1394
–
1481
), was one of first people to try to lure the warriors and aristocrats away from the excesses of tea, and to begin to restore the tea ceremony to its simpler, more meditative style. This prince became a priest at age eleven and enjoyed a full and exciting life. Apparently, Ikkyu was both quick-witted and full of humor, showing a great zest for life. One of the best-loved stories about Ikkyu relates that when he was still a young monk, one of his duties was to bring his master tea in his favorite bowl. One day, Ikkyu tripped as he carried the tea, and the master's favorite bowl shattered into a thousand pieces. Quickly, Ikkyu swept up the shards and, hiding them in his robes, went to see the master. “Master, why do people die?” he asked.

The master answered, “It is natural. Everything in the world has a life and a death.”

“Everything?” Ikkyu asked.

“Everything,” the master answered firmly.

At this point, Ikkyu showed his master the shattered pieces of the tea bowl and said, “It seems that your tea bowl has experienced an untimely death.”

Ikkyu's longest-reaching contribution to our use of tea, however, was as a teacher, for his most famous student was Murata Shuko, who created what would become the famous Japanese tea ceremony.

Shuko (
1423
–
1502
) was born in Nara, and, during his youth, was undoubtedly exposed to the tea games and ceremonies so popular at the time. However, the rowdy, secular gatherings would not have appealed to Shuko, whose nature was more sedate and spiritual.

Shuko chose to enter the Buddhist priesthood and was under the tutelage of Ikkyu from
1474
until his teacher's death in
1481
. Ikkyu, who knew both Chinese and Korean ways of serving tea, shared this knowledge with his disciple. The influence of his teacher and his training in Zen meditation convinced Shuko that the tea ceremony could be much more than entertainment. He believed that it could serve as a means to deep meditation and even a path to enlightenment, in accordance with the Zen teaching that every daily act, no matter how mundane, can lead to enlightenment, if performed in the right spirit.

Shuko, who was also a skilled architect, believed that participating in the tea ceremony could bring greater enlightenment than hours of meditation, but that the room in which this was done had to be conducive to the experience. Traditionally, the size of a Japanese room was designated by the number of tatami mats (woven straw mats) that would fit in it. Each mat measured
90
by
180
by
5
centimeters (
35
by
70
by
2
inches). A half-mat measured
90
by
90
by
5
centimeters (
35
by
35
by
2
inches). Shuko designed a tea hut that was a “four and a half mat” space in the city of Kyoto, creating an area that was differentiated from its surroundings both physically and philosophically.

This small room was in sharp contrast to the huge banquet halls used by the ruling class of the time, and it illustrated the simple nature of the ceremony Shuko promoted. Vimalakirti may have entertained
84
,
000
heavenly beings in a small room, according to Buddhist legend, but mere mortals take up more space. There was simply not enough room in such a small space to make much of a political statement, and the close quarters contributed to a feeling of equality.

Shuko believed that creating a special space for tea, even in the city, offered a place for enjoyment of the noble arts, and that the tea hut itself could be symbolic. The tea hut was reserved for the express purpose of the ritualistic serving of tea, and was not used for everyday activities. The threshold of the tea hut became a symbolic boundary which, when crossed, allowed people to enter into a different realm and participate in something sacred and ritual-istic, juxtaposed with their normal, everyday lives. Thus, the space lent itself to a deeper connection between the human and the divine.

According to Herbert Plutschow, author of “An Anthropological Perspective on the Tea Ceremony,” the tearoom becomes “a world unto itself, where continuity of ordinary space and time, dependent on our physical existence, ceases to exist. Within such a room, one is a disembodied spirit, unencumbered by material limitations. In such a room, there is no absolute time, only the ever changing ‘now.'”

The idea of serving tea in places separate from ordinary living space was readily accepted by those tired of the ostentation of the great tea debaucheries. Small, humble teahouses, called
soan cha
, were actually simple, thatched-roofed huts. As these small structures gained in popularity, features were added that helped practitioners feel a greater separation from their everyday lives when they sat and shared tea.

Shuko's idea was to simplify the tea ceremony in all ways. He was also one of the first to encourage the use of Japanese utensils and ware, instead of Chinese. Trade between Japan and China had reopened in
1401
, and Japan was again much enamored with all things Chinese during the fifteenth century. The tea ceremony was an opportunity to show off beautiful and expensive Chinese ware to one's friends. While Shuko did not dismiss the beauty found in implements and utensils made in China, he did suggest the advantages of using wares created in Japan. In a letter to one of his disciples, Shuko advocated an equality between the Chinese and Japanese cultures, writing that it was good to find worthwhile and admirable traits in Japanese things as well as those from China.

Shuko's disciple was Takeno Joo (
1504
–
1555
), the son of a wealthy merchant who lived in the port city of Sakai. He was interested in many of the arts, and in Sakai he was able to see first hand many of the imports from China, including the newest tea utensils. By the end of his life, he had accumulated an unprecedented sixty different kinds of tea utensils, while most tea masters only had three or four. In spite of his love of refined art, he believed in the teachings of Shuko, who advocated simplicity, particularly in terms of sharing tea. He even simplified Shuko's four-anda-half-mat tea hut, replacing the paper walls with earthen ones, and using bamboo lattice in place of the fine woods. He preferred the most simple setting possible and the most straightforward utensils. His tearoom was large enough for just five people.

Rulers and Nobles: Nobunaga and Hideyoshi

Portuguese traders first came to Japan in
1549
, bringing with them the religion of Christianity and opening up new markets. One of the results of this was a new middle class of merchants, who quickly became powerful in their own right. During the sixteenth century, the city of Sakai was the most active commercial center in Japan and home to a thriving middle class. As a result, the city was ruled more democratically than others in Japan, and the administration of the city was run by merchants and businessmen. Of course, these men took care not to insult or in any way disturb the powerful lords and warriors, and they made efforts to establish and maintain friendly ties with them. The tea ceremony presented the perfect opportunity for doing this, since one of the essential elements of the ceremony was equality. Tea gatherings were generally small affairs, held in private homes.

In addition to these small at-home affairs, government
leaders also reinstated the use of the tea ceremony for political purposes, as had been done in the fourteenth century. One of the best examples of this practice is Oda Nobunaga (
1534
–
1582
), who was one of Japan's most powerful rulers. He used the opportunities presented by the tea ceremony, just as government officials today use a state banquet, as a means of solidifying friendships with wealthy merchants and engendering political favors. Indeed, he was so famous for his use of the tea ceremony that his government was sometimes called the
ochanoyu goseido
or the
cha-no-yu
(the “hot water for tea” or “tea ceremony”) government.

Nobunaga was well versed in the way of tea, and letters and papers written during his rule tell us that he often served tea himself. Because the tea ceremony was such an important political tool, however, it was customary for rulers to enlist the help of a tea master. His choice for official government tea master was Sen Rikyu, considered the “father of the modern tea ceremony.”

After Nobunaga's death, his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (
1536
–
1598
), also chose Rikyu to serve as tea master, a position that held great power and prestige. Hideyoshi continued the governmental use of the tea ceremony to secure political allies. These tea events were large affairs, to which all the important families and wealthy merchants were invited.

Hideyoshi loved the grand exuberance of a large tea gathering. At his opulent and beautiful castle in Osaka, he built a “golden tea room,” a portable room that was actually taken to Kyoto for a special tea ceremony honoring the Emperor Ogimachi, a gathering for which Rikyu served as tea master, consequently gaining much attention and further power.

In addition to the large and ornate, Hideyoshi also appreciated the small, simple tea ceremonies, for which he had a two-mat hut built that he called “Mountain Village,”
Yamazato
, where he led the tea ceremony himself.

During the late sixteenth century, many of the samurai joined Hideyoshi in the practice of serving tea in modest, ritualistic spaces, and the philosophy of
wabi
became popular. Wabi is the Japanese art of finding beauty in imperfection and discovering a sense of the profound in all things in nature. The word “wabi” comes from the root word
wa
, which refers to harmony, peace, tranquility, and balance. This concept became quite important in its influence on Japanese culture and on the development of the tea ceremony.

One of the phrases often used to describe wabi is “the joy of the little monk in his wind-torn robe.” Those who embraced the idea of wabi participated in the tea ceremony in a simple room, with primitive utensils, in a way that allowed attention to each moment of the ceremony.