The Age of Atheists: How We Have Sought to Live Since the Death of God (77 page)

12
. Stevens, op. cit., pp. 53–54.

13
. Ibid., p. 748.

14
. Leon Surette,
The Modern Dilemma: Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and Humanism
, Montreal and London: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008, pp. 199ff.

15
. Stevens, op. cit., p. 845.

16
. Ibid., p. 914.

17
. Ibid., p. 55.

18
. Simon Critchley,
Things Merely Are: Philosophy in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens
, London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 73–74.

19
. Idema, op. cit., p. 92.

20
. Ibid., p. 13.

21
. Bart Eeckhout,
Wallace Stevens and the Limits of Reading and Writing
, Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2002, pp. 226–27.

22
. Ibid., pp. 9–11.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Peter Watson,
A Terrible Beauty: The People and Ideas That Shaped the Modern Mind
, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001, New York: HarperCollins, 2002, p. 345.

25
. John Patrick Diggins,
Eugene O’Neill’s America: Desire under Democracy
, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007, pp. 183–84.

26
. Diggins, op. cit., p. 65.

27
. Ibid., pp. 186, 259–60.

28
. Ibid., p. 37.

29
. Ibid., p. 47.

30
. Michael Manheim (ed.),
The Cambridge Companion to Eugene O’Neill
, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 19.

31
. Manheim, op. cit., p. 20.

32
. See Bennett Simon,
Tragic Drama and the Family: Psychoanalytic Studies from Aeschylus to Beckett
, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988, pp. 180–84, for a discussion on psychodynamic themes in O’Neill.

33
. Manheim, op. cit., p. 30.

34
. Ibid., p. 84.

35
. Ibid., p. 86.

36
. Normand Berlin,
Eugene O’Neill
, London: Macmillan, 1982, pp. 128ff, for a chapter on “Endings.”

37
. Manheim, op. cit., p. 139.

38
. Berlin, op. cit., p. 216.

CHAPTER 13: LIVING DOWN TO FACT

1
. Pericles Lewis,
Religious Experience and the Modernist Novel
, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 144.

2
. Ibid., p. 146.

3
. Mitchell Leaska,
Granite and Rainbow: The Hidden Life of Virginia Woolf
, London: Picador, 1998, p. 235.

4
. Leaska, op
.
cit., p. 146.

5
. Ibid., p. 147.

6
. Ibid., p. 152.

7
. Lewis, op
.
cit., p. 155.

8
. Gordon Graham,
The Re-enchantment of the World: Art versus Religion
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 95 (
Portrait of the Artist
, 1992 edition, p. 265).

9
. Ibid., p. 96.

10
. Derek Attridge (ed.),
The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce
, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 91.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Brett Bourbon,
Finding a Replacement for the Soul: Mind and Meaning in Literature and Philosophy
, Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 145.

13
. Declan Hibberd, Introduction to the Penguin edition of
Ulysses
, 1922, 1992, p.
x.

14
. Hibberd, op
.
cit., p. xv.

15
. Ibid., p. lvii.

16
. Ibid., p. lxxviii.

17
. Philip Rieff,
The Triumph of the Therapeutic
, London: Chatto & Windus, 1966, p. 194.

18
. Rieff, op
.
cit., p. 196.

19
. Ibid., p. 208.

20
. Ibid., pp. 211–13.

21
. Jad Smith, “
Völkisch
Organicism and the Use of Primitivism in Lawrence’s
The Plumed Serpent
,”
D. H. Lawrence Review
30 (2002): 3 (
The Plumed Serpent
, 1998 edition, pp. 129–31).

22
. Smith, op
.
cit., p. 11.

23
. Rieff, op
.
cit., pp. 228–31.

CHAPTER 14: THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF METAPHYSICS, A REVERENCE FOR METAPSYCHOLOGY

1
. Ben Rogers,
A. J. Ayer: A Life
, London: Verso, 2000, p. 82.

2
. Rogers, op
.
cit., p. 89.

3
. Ibid., p. 95.

4
. A. J. Ayer,
Language, Truth and Logic
, London: Gollancz, 1936, p. 33.

5
. Ayer, op
.
cit., p. 36.

6
. Ibid., p. 108.

7
. Ibid., p. 113.

8
. Ibid., p. 116. See also A. J. Ayer,
The Meaning of Life and Other Essays
, Introduction by Ted Honderich, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990.

9
. Ayer,
Language, Truth and Logic
, p. 120.

10
. Ibid., pp. 200–201.

11
. Sigmund Freud,
The Future of an Illusion
, 1927; vol. 21 of the
Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
, London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1968.

12
. Freud,
Illusion
, p. 50.

13
. Ibid., p. 55.

14
. Ibid., p. 67.

15
. Ibid., p. 73.

16
. Ibid., p. 78.

17
. Ibid., p. 83.

18
. Sigmund Freud,
Civilization and Its Discontents
, trans. Joan Riviere, revised and ed. James Strachey, London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1979, p. x.

19
. Freud,
Civilization
, pp. 13–14.

20
. Ibid., p. 22.

21
. Ibid., p. 54.

22
. Michael Palmer,
Freud and Jung on Religion
, London and New York: Routledge, 1997, passim
.

23
. Carl Gustav Jung,
Modern Man in Search of a Soul
, London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trübner, 1933, p. 239.

24
. Erich Fromm,
Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism
, London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1960, p. 43.

25
. Pericles Lewis,
Religious Experience and the Modernist Novel
, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 134.

26
. Ibid., p. 114.

27
. Ibid., p. 134.

28
. Ibid., p. 135.

29
. June O. Leavitt,
The Mystical Life of Franz Kafka: Theosophy, Cabala, and the Modern Spiritual Revival
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 122–23, 137–39, for a discussion of Kafka and the Bible.

CHAPTER 15: THE FAITHS OF THE PHILOSOPHERS

1
. Molly Cochran (ed.),
The Cambridge Companion to Dewey
, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010, especially ch. 10: Sami Pihlström, “Dewey and Pragmatic Religious Naturalism,” p. 213.

2
. Pihlström, op
.
cit., p. 215.

3
. Ibid., p. 218

4
. Ibid., p. 226.

5
. Ibid., p. 220.

6
. Ibid., p. 232.

7
. W. Donald Hudson,
Wittgenstein and Religious Belief
, London: Macmillan, 1975, p. 114.

8
. Hudson, op
.
cit., pp. 70–71.

9
. Ibid., p. 79.

10
. Ibid., p. 92.

11
. Ibid., p. 106.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Quoted in Peter Watson,
A Terrible Beauty: The People and Ideas That Shaped the Modern Mind
, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001, p. 99.

15
.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
, entry on Whitehead, p. 5 of 9.

16
. Bertrand Russell,
Why I Am Not a Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects
, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954, p. v (“Why I Am Not a Christian” was given as a lecture in 1927).

17
. Russell, op
.
cit., p. 15.

18
. Ibid., p. 179.

19
. Ibid., pp. 43–44.

20
. Ibid., p. 177.

21
. See Ray Monk,
Bertrand Russell, 1921–1970: The Ghost of Madness
(vol. 2), London: Jonathan Cape, 2000,
p. 36, for his relationship with Dora. See also Nicholas Griffin, ed.,
The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell
, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003, especially ch. 15.

22
. Ibid., p. 60.

23
. Ibid., p. 59.

24
. Bertrand Russell,
Sceptical Essays
, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1929, p. 68.

25
. Russell,
Sceptical Essays
, p. 70.

26
. Ibid., pp. 116–17.

CHAPTER 16: NAZI RELIGIONS OF THE BLOOD

1
. I have used Brian Moynahan,
The Faith
, London: Aurum, 2002, p. 675.

2
. Moynahan, op
.
cit., p. 675.

3
. F. X. J. Homer, “The Führer’s Faith: Hitler’s Sacred Cosmos,” in F. X. J. Homer and Larry D. Wilcox (eds.),
Germany and Europe in the Era of Two World Wars: Essays in Honor of Oron James Hale
, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986, pp. 61–78.

4
. Alister McGrath,
The Making of Modern German Christology: From the Enlightenment to Pannenberg
, Oxford: Blackwell, 1986, p. 5.

5
. Bruce L. McCormack,
Karl Barth’s Critically Dialectical Theology: Its Genesis and Development, 1909–1936
, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995, pp. 38ff, for “The theological situation at the turn of the century.”

6
. Eberhard Busch,
Karl Barth: His Life from Letters and Autobiographical Texts
, trans. John Bowden, London: SCM Press, 1976, pp. 38ff.

7
. Busch, op
.
cit., pp. 92f, 117f.

8
. Zdravko Kujundzija,
Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology
, entry on Barth, p. 16.

9
. Busch, op
.
cit., pp. 120f. McCormack, op
.
cit., pp. 209ff.

10
. Busch, op
.
cit., p. 245.

11
. Kujundzija, op
.
cit., p. 17.

12
. McCormack, op
.
cit., p. 449.

13
. Moynahan, op
.
cit., p. 678. Ernst Christian Helmreich,
The German Churches under Hitler: Background, Struggle and Epilogue
, Detroit, IL: Wayne State University Press, 1979, p. 123. J. S. Conway,
The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–1945
, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968, p. 2.

14
. Richard Steigmann-Gall,
The Holy Reich
, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 1.

15
. Ibid., p. 42.

16
. James R. Dow and Hannjost Lixfeld (eds.),
The Nazification of an Academic Discipline: Folklore in the Third Reich
, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994, p. 21.

17
. Robert Cecil,
The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology
, London: B. T. Batsford, 1972, p. 82.

18
. Gordon Lynch,
The Sacred in the Modern World: A Cultural Sociological Approach
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 117.

19
. Cecil, op
.
cit., p. 85.

20
. Ibid., p. 92.

21
. Ibid., p. 93.

22
. Ibid., p. 96.

23
. Ibid., p. 99.

24
. Ibid., p. 103.

25
. Karla Poewe,
New Religions and the Nazis
, London: Routledge, 2006, p. 1.

26
. Poewe, op
.
cit., p. 73.

27
. Ibid., p. 76.

28
. Ibid., p. 111.

29
. Ibid., p. 165.

30
. James Bentley,
Martin Niemöller
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984, pp. 81ff., 143ff.

CHAPTER 17: THE AFTERMATH OF THE AFTERMATH

1
. Jeffrey C. Isaac,
Arendt, Camus and Modern Rebellion
, London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992, p. 21.

2
. Isaac, op
.
cit., p. 22.

CHAPTER 18: THE WARMTH OF ACTS

1
. Joseph Schumpeter,
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy
, publ. 1942, 2003 edition: London: Taylor & Francis; Karl Mannheim,
Diagnosis of Our Time: Wartime Essays
, London: Routledge, 1943; Friedrich Hayek,
The Road to Serfdom
, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1944; Karl Popper,
The Open Society and Its Enemies
, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962; William Temple,
Christianity and the Social Order
, London: Shepheard-Walwyn, 1976; Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
, London: Harper Brothers, 1944.

2
. Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper,
Paris after the Liberation: 1944–1949
, London: Penguin Books, 1994, 1995, p. 214.

3
. Stefanos Geroulanos,
An Atheism That Is Not Humanist Emerges in French Thought
, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010, p. 227.