The Animal Manifesto (29 page)

Page 141
,
elephants spend between 72 to 96 percent of the time chained:
For more information on animal welfare in circuses, visit
www.captiveanimals.org
.

Page 142
,
a suit was filed against Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus:
David Stout, “Suit Challenges Image of Circus Elephants as Willing Performers,”
New York Times,
January 31, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2009/02/01/us/01circus.html?_r=1 & scp=1 & sq=suit%20challenges% 2oimage & st=cse.

Page 142
,
a recent British study found that about 54 percent of elephants:
Craig Redmond, “The Elephant in the Cage,”
The Guardian,
December 12, 2008,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/dec/12/elephants-zoos-animal-welfare
.

Page 142
,
Wouldn’t zoos without elephants and lions . . . become lessons in compassion?:
For an editorial proposing this idea, see Lori Marino, Gay Bradshaw, and Randy Malamud, “Zoos Without Elephants: A Lesson in Compassion,”
Los Angeles Times,
December 15, 2008,
http://www.latimesxom/news/opinion/la-oew-marino15-2008dec15,0,1163582.story
.

Page 143
,
the minimum standard of care for animals . .. is established by the Animal Welfare Act (AWA):
For more information on the AWA, see the U.S. Humane Society website, “Laws Protecting Animals in Research,”
http://www.hsus.org/animals_in
_research/general_information_on_animal_research/laws_protecting_animals_in_research
.

Page 143
,
violations of the Animal Welfare Act in the United States increased more than go percent:
For more information on animal research, see the Stop Animal Exploitation Now! (SAEN) website,
http://www.all-creatures.org/saen
.

Page 143
,
“Millions of birds suffer miserably each year in government, university”:
Karen Davis, “The Experimental Use of Chickens and Other Birds in Biomedical and Agricultural Research,”
United Poultry Concerns,
2003,
http://www.upc-online.org/genetic/experimental.htm
.

Page 144
,
“The federal government should conduct a thorough review of the regulations”:
“Against Vicious Activism,” editorial,
Nature
457, February 5, 2009,
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n723o/pdf/457636a.pdf
.

Page 145
,
a 2008 story in the
New Scientist
looked at researchers who weep:
Andy Coghlan, “Lab Animal Carers Suffer in Silence,”
New Scientist,
March 26, 2008,
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19726493.700-labanimal-carers-suffer-in-silence.html
.

Page 146
,
“Mice are lousy models for clinical studies”:
The quote by Mark Davis is from “Mouse Trap? Immunologist Calls for More Research on Humans, Not Mice,”
Science Daily,
December 31, 2008,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081218122154.htm
.

Page 146
,
“Since President Richard Nixon declared the war on cancer”:
Andrew Knight, “Animals Needn’t Die to Save Human Lives,”
Seattle Times,
October 14, 2003, http://www.aknight.info/pages/publications/animal% 2oresearch%2omedical/editorial_seattle_times_2003.htm.

Page 147
,
The U.S. National Institutes of Health.. .promotes a children’s coloring
book called
The Lucky Puppy: To see this coloring book, visit
http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/images/coloring/luckycolor.pdf.

Page 147
,
Stuart Derbyshire and Andrew Bagshaw wrote, “We believe that animals are sufficiently different”:
“Animal Pain Is Scientifically Valid: Whether It Is Morally Acceptable Is Another Question,”
Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
36 (2008): 491.

Page 147
,
Roberto Caminiti, chair of the Programme of European Neuroscience Schools, argues:
The quotes of Roberto Caminiti and Bill Crum are from Bill Crum, “It Should Be Possible to Replace Animals in Research,”
Nature
457, February 2009,
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n230/pdf/457657b.pdf.

Page 148
,
“When one empirically analyzes animal models using scientific tools”:
Niall Shanks, Ray Greek, and Jean Greek, “Are Animal Models Predictive for Humans?”
Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
4, no. 2 (January 15, 2009),
http://www.peh-med.eom/content/4/1/2/abstract
.

Page 148
,
“When it comes to adapting therapeutic interventions”:
“Mouse Trap? Immunologist Calls for More Research on Humans, Not Mice,”
Science Daily,
December 31,2008,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081218122154.htm
.

Page 149
,
In a paper titled “The Poor Contribution of Chimpanzee Experiments to Biomedical Progress”:
Andrew Knight, “The Poor Contribution of Chimpanzee Experiments to Biomedical Progress,”
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
10, no. 4 (2007),
http://lib.bioinfo.pi/pmid:1797063
1.

Page 149
,
the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency announced a five-year deal:
Larry Greenemeier, “Feds Agree to Toxicity Tests that Cut Animal Testing,”
Scientific American,
February 15, 2008,
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=feds-agree-to-toxicity-test
.

Page 150
,
“In previous studies, researchers showed that humans who had been paralyzed”:
Benedict Carey, “Monkeys Think, Moving Artificial Arm as Own,”
New York Times,
May 29, 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/29/science/29brain.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=monkeys+robot+arm&st=nyt&oref=slogin
.

Page 150
,
The deplorable maternal-deprivation studies of Harry Harlow at the
University of Wisconsin:
For more information on the current and historic use of monkeys at the University of Wisconsin, visit the website for Madison’s Hidden Monkeys,
http://www.madisonmonkeys.com/index.htm
.

Page 151
,
Psychologist Kenneth Shapiro has written extensively about the use of animal models:
For instance, see Kenneth Shapiro,
Animal Models of Human Psychology: Critique of Science, Ethics and Policy
(Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 1998).

Page 152
,
“The monoclonal antibody TGN1412 was safe in monkeys”:
John J. Pippin, “Opposing View: Replace Animal Experiments,”
USA Today,
December 15, 2008.

Page 152
,
Jonathan Balcombe and his colleagues analyzed eighty published studies:
Jonathan Balcombe, “Laboratory Routines Cause Animal Stress,”
Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science
(autumn 2004), as announced in a news release by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, November 18, 2004,
http://www.pcrm.org/news/release041118.html
.

Page 153
,
I am not interested to know whether vivisection:
Quoted in Joshua Katcher, “Vivisection Takes Front Stage in New York Times, Today,”
The Discerning Brute,
May 28, 2008,
http://thediscerningbrute.com/2008/05/28/vivisection-takes-front-stage-in-new-york-times-today/
.

Page 153
, an
antivivisection movement has argued that these practices are immoral:
In 2008 the American Anti-Vivisection Society published an extremely useful historical account of the anti-vivisection movement, called “The Birth of a Movement”; to read it, visit
http://www.aavs.org/images/spring2008.pdf
. For more information on animal use in research and education, visit Inter Niche,
http://www.interniche.org
.

Page 154
,
Medical schools in the United States are also “swapping pigs for plastic”:
Meredith Wadman, “Medical Schools Swap Pigs for Plastic,”
Nature News,
May 7, 2008,
http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080507/full/453140a.html
.

Page 154
,
In January
2008,
the
New York Times
reported that all American medical schools:
Nicholas Bakalar, “Killing Dogs in Training of Doctors Is to End,”
New York Times,
January 1, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/ 01/01/heal th/research/oidog.html?_r=1 & scp=1 & sq=belloni%2odogs & st= cse & oref=slogin. For more information on dissection and its alternatives, see the American Anti-Vivisection Society (
www.aavs.org
), and In Defense of Animals’ Dissection Campaign (
http://www.idausa.org/campaigns/dissection/dissection.html
), and PETA Kids (
www.petakids.com/disindex.html
).

Page 155
,
“such a severe case of capture myopathy
—
a kind of muscle meltdown”:
“Bears Captured for Research More Prone to Injuries, Death,”
Edmonton Journal,
August 19, 2008,
http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?1d=7be8722e-o83C-42ce-af35-6ecaa7f3ee36
.

Page 156
,
John Brusher and Jennifer Schull have developed nonlethal methods for determining:
John Brusher and Jennifer Schull, “Non-lethal Age Determination for Juvenile Goliath Grouper
Epinephelus itajara
from Southwest Florida,”
Endangered Species Research
7 (July 2009),
http://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2009/7/n007p205.pdf
.

Page 156
,
Even a 2009 essay in the
New York Times
noted the effectiveness of noninvasive research:
Jim Robbins, “Tools that Leave Wildlife Unbothered Widen Research Horizons,”
New York Times,
March 9, 2009, http://www .nytimes.com/2009/03/10/science/10wild.html? scp=1 & sq= tools%2owildlife%2ounbothered & st=cse.

Page 158
,
Israeli scientists are using the behavior of disturbed animals in zoos:
“Bears, Gazelles and Rats Inspire New Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD) Treatment,”
Science Daily,
January 28, 2009,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127170708.htm
.

Page 159
,
injuries in rodeos are very common:
For more on rodeo injuries, mutton busting, and more, visit the website Showing Animals Respect and Kindness (SHARK),
http://www.sharkonline.org
, and the ASPCA,
http://www.aspca.org/about-us/policy-positions/rodeo.html
. For the Bud Kerby quote, see the PETA fact sheet “Rodeo: Cruelty for a Buck,”
http://www.peta.org/factsheet/files/FactsheetDisplay.asp?ID=69
.

Page 159
,
In June zoog in Longmont, Colorado, a twelve-year-old boy was killed when a bull:
Vanessa Miller, “Coroner: Boy Died of Ruptured Heart Valve,”
The Daily Camera,
June 29,2009,
www.dailycamera.com/ci_13126842
.

Page 160
,
Ralph, an adolescent, twenty-two-foot-long whale shark, died mysteriously:
Shaila Dewan, “Death of a Shark Leaves Scientists Grasping,”
New York Times,
January 13, 2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/13/science/13shark.html
. For more on animal welfare in zoos, see Michael D. Lemonick, “Who Belongs in the Zoo?”
Time,
June 11, 2006,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1202920,00.html
.

Page 161
,
an essay in
Time
magazine even speculated whether Tatiana:
Alexandra Silver, “Did This Tiger Hold a Grudge?”
Time,
December 28, 2007,
http://www.time.eom/time/health/article/0,8599,1698987,00.html
.

Page 162
,
Stephen Zawistowski, science adviser for the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals:
Lisa Leff and Terence Chea, “Experts Say Taunting Wasn’t Only Factor in Tiger Attack,”
Big Cat News,
January 18, 2008,
http://bigcatnews.blogspot.com/2008/o1/experts-say-tauntingwasnt-only-factor.html
.

Page 163
,
when I was a reader for the “Review of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Zoological Park”:
For more details on this report, see Marc Bekoff, “It’s Not Happening at the Zoo,”
Animal Welfare Institute,
http://www.awi0nline.0rg/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/1927/pid/2505
. For my January 26, 2004, reader’s report on the National Zoo’s review, visit the Animal Welfare Institute website,
http://www.awionline.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/n644/pid/25O5
.

Page 167
,
“In the past 10years Western zoos have spent or committed”:
Georgia Mason, “It Is Cruel to Keep Elephants in Captivity,”
The Independent,
December 12, 2008,
http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/georgia-mason-it-iisi-cruel-to-keep-elephants-in-captivity-1062899.html
.

Page 169
,
A recent study conducted by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums:
“Why Zoos & Aquariums Matter,” Association of Zoos & Aquariums, 2007,
http://www.aza.org/uploadedFiles/Education/why_zoos_matter.pdf
.

Page 170
,
In one study conducted at the Edinburgh Zoo in Scotland:
See Animalearn Fact Files, #11, Animals in Entertainment, published by the American Anti-Vivisection Society,
http://www.animalearn.org/home.php
.

Page 170
,
the conservation camps in Chengdu, China, which Sarah Bexell and her
Chinese colleagues have organized:
See Sarah Bexell, “Effect of a Wildlife Conservation Camp Experience in China” (2006) and “Nurturing Humane Attitudes toward Animals” (2010); full citations are in References. : 173,
the results of a national survey of i5y veterinary faculty in the United States:
C. R. Heleski, A. Mertig, A. J. Zanella, “Results of a National Survey of US Veterinary College Faculty Regarding Attitudes Toward Farm Animal Welfare,”
Journal ofthe American Veterinary Medical Association
226, no. 9 (May 2005),
http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20053093469
.