The Big Burn (40 page)

Roosevelt and early dealings in his administration with men of wealth, from
Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Power,
by G. Wallace Chessman, Little, Brown, 1969.

J. P. Morgan quote, he can give it back, from
The American Century,
by Harold Evans, Knopf, 2000.

Worth of Rockefeller, Weyerhaeuser, and Morgan, compared to Bill Gates, from "The Wealthy 100," by Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther, as updated in
New York Times,
July 15, 2007.

Roosevelt on titans buying the judiciary, letter of October 8, 1906, from
Theodore Roosevelt—Letters and Speeches.

Roosevelt, tires me to talk to rich men, from Morris,
Theodore Rex.

Butte mayor's quote, bring on the feed, from
Collier's,
July 1907.

Origin of the Square Deal in Butte, from Morris,
Theodore Rex.

Astor parties on Fifth Avenue, from
New York Times,
May 27, 1906.

Elitists and google-eyed quote, from
A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America,
by Michael McGerr, Oxford University Press, 2005.

Rangers in Colorado, from McGerr,
A Fierce Discontent.

Roosevelt landslide, Alice's reaction, from Morris,
Theodore Rex.

Roosevelt skipping through the White House, from Gould,
The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

Roosevelt letter to Kermit on the greatest majority, November 10, 1904, from
Theodore Roosevelt—Letters and Speeches.

Transfer of the Forest Service details, from Steen,
The United States Forest Service.

Roosevelt quote, forests belong to the people, letter of November 27, 1905, from
Theodore Roosevelt—Letters and Speeches.

Pinchot quote, fight, fight, fight, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Pinchot, understanding beneficial effects of fires, quoted in
National Geographic,
October 1899.

3. The Great Crusade

William Greeley on admiration for Pinchot, from
Forests and Men,
by William Greeley, Doubleday, 1951.

Greeley on seeing Roosevelt onstage, from Greeley,
Forests and Men.

Greeley, additional biographical background, from Forest Service history,
www.fs.fed.us
.

Pinchot on the little guy, and fight, fight, fight, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Koch background and his admiration of Pinchot, from
Forty Years a Forester,
by Elers Koch, Mountain Press Publishing, 1998.

Koch, early assignments, from Koch,
Forty Years a Forester.

Early ranger requirements, from Steen,
The United States Forest Service.

The High Lonesome, from
The Big Blowup: The Northwest's Great Fire,
by Betty Goodwin Spencer, Caxton Printers, 1958.

Pinchot, Forest Service stood up for small man, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Pinchot reporting to Roosevelt on Heyburn from Wallace, from the Pinchot papers.

Greeley on supermen, from Greeley,
Forests and Men.

Roosevelt on Pinchot, quoted in Gould,
The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

Ladies and Pinchot, Barrymore's comment, from
Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America,
by J. Anthony Lukas, Simon & Schuster, 1997.

Pinchot, most eligible bachelor, from Miller,
Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism.

Love affair with Laura, background and general information, from "The Mystery of Gifford Pinchot and Laura Houghteling," by James G. Bradley,
Pennsylvania History,
Spring 1999.

Pinchot, my soul doesn't grow, from Pinchot diaries, June 24, 1894.

Pinchot on the wealth at Vanderbilt estate, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Laura, all from Pinchot diaries as cited in the text; quote on things looking brighter is from January 22, 1894.

Pinchot on taking a wife, editor from London, from letter of April 2, 1910, Pinchot papers.

Pinchot and Roosevelt, how they worked, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Roosevelt on the power to create reserve, from Morris,
Theodore Rex.

Background on Senator Mitchell, his scheme, dying in jail, from Oregon Historical Society,
www.ohs.org
.

Joe Cannon, from
Tyrant from Illinois: Uncle Joe Cannon's Experiment with Personal Power,
by Blair Bolles, W. W. Norton, 1951; and from Miller,
Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism.

"Drenched!" from Pinchot diaries, October 11, 1905.

Fine gallop with Roosevelt, from Pinchot diaries, February 26, 1902.

Pinchot as Roosevelt's faithful bodyguard, from Steen,
The United States Forest Service.

Too stout, from Pinchot diaries, November 11, 1905.

Roosevelt told me, from Pinchot diaries, October 13, 1903.

Pinchot, the earth I repeat, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Senator Heyburn, from "Senator Heyburn's War Against the Forest Service,"
Idaho Yesterdays,
Winter 1970.

Heyburn, not backing the young student, from archives, University of Idaho Special Collections, Moscow, Idaho.

Heyburn, geese, from
New York Times,
September 6, 1906.

Roosevelt's view of opponents, "unscrupulous demagogues," from Hart and Ferleger, eds.,
Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia.

Roosevelt on Heyburn, from "Senator Heyburn's War Against the Forest Service."

Muir, how he shaped conservation, summarized from
The Eight Wilderness Discovery Books,
by John Muir, Mountaineers Edition, 1992.

Muir quote, Pinchot is ambitious, from Gould,
The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

Roosevelt on the floor of the White House, "oh this is bully," from Greeley,
Forests and Men.

Roosevelt and Pinchot laughing as senators approached, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Roosevelt, closing quote on the Forest Service and fighting fires, from letter to Pinchot, August 24, 1906,
Theodore Roosevelt—Letters and Speeches.

4. Deadwood Days

Taft, the town, from Koch,
Forty Years a Forester.

Taft, the name of the town and Chicago reporter's description, from
Names on the Face of Montana,
by Roberta C. Cheney, Mountain Press Publishers, 1983.

Antics of people in Taft and neighboring tent towns, from
Up the Swiftwater,
by Sandra A. Crowell and David O. Asleson, Museum of North Idaho, 1980.

Pinchot's
Primer of Forestry,
United States Department of Agriculture, 1899.

Koch, from his book,
Forty Years a Forester.

Undesirable prostitutes, from Koch,
Forty Years a Forester.

Building the railroad, details, from
The Milwaukee Road,
by Tom Murray, MBI Publishers, 2005, and from an exhibit at the Museum of North Idaho.

Roar of laughter in tent towns, from Joe Halm's account in
Early Days of the Forest Service.

William Weigle and attempt to evict saloonkeepers, and Halm's account, from
Early Days of the Forest Service.

Escorting escaped convict and his escape, from Weigle in
Early Days of the Forest Service,
and Crowell and Asleson,
Up the Swiftwater.

Timber doesn't need protection, from Frome,
The Forest Service.

Pinkie Adair, interviewed by Sam Schrager, 1977, from unpublished oral history project, courtesy of the Latah County Historical Society, Moscow, Idaho.

One ranger with such a large tract is helpless, from
Early Days of the Forest Service.

Background on Edward Pulaski, from his personnel file, Forest Service Region One headquarters, Missoula.

More on Pulaski, from background on file at the Wallace District Mining Museum, Wallace, Idaho.

Background on the Kelley brothers, from Crowell and Asleson,
Up the Swiftwater.

5. Showdown

Incoming president Taft, from Anderson,
William Howard Taft.

Pinchot's view of Taft, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

White House meeting of Roosevelt, Pinchot, and Taft, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

The pledge from Taft, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Pinchot's view of Taft, weak but not wicked, and Roosevelt saying he was a better man for having known him, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Cloudy days, Laura, from Pinchot diaries, various days.

Pinchot championing the cause, quoted by Taft, from Anderson,
William Howard Taft.

Death of Mark Twain, from
Mark Twain: The Illustrated Biography,
by Geoffrey C. Ward, Dayton Duncan, and Ken Burns, Knopf, 2001.

Massive cut planned for the spring, Nancy Warren, quoted in
American Forests,
September 1928.

Huge growth spurt in the West, from U.S. Census Bureau,
www.census.gov.

Senator Heyburn working against the Forest Service, from files at the Forest Service Region One headquarters, Missoula.

Pay complaints of rangers, from files at the Forest Service Region One headquarters, Missoula.

Forest rangers' need for a living wage, April 29, 1910, memo on file at the Forest Service Region One headquarters, Missoula.

Pinchot's worst fears of Taft, from
Progressive Politics and Conservation,
by James Penick Jr., University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Grey Towers background, from National Park Service,
www.fs.fed.us/na/gt.

Giving up public land, from Miller,
Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism.

Pinchot paying rangers out of his own pocket, from
New York Times,
September 13, 1909.

Amiable man quote on Taft, from
The American Past: A History of the United States from Concordia to Hiroshima,
by Roger Butterfield, Simon & Schuster, 1947.

Muir quote, above the fray, from Scheuering,
Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation.

Pinchot quote on standing for Roosevelt policies, from
New York Times,
August 22, 1909.

Ballinger quote on giving land to corporations, from Scheuering,
Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation.

Pinchot face-off with Taft, should have been fired, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Guggenheims' wealth and control, from
Collier's,
November 13, 1909.

Pinchot on pushing too far, from
New York Times,
September 13, 1909.

Pinchot and landing the big fish, from
Fishing Talk,
by Gifford Pinchot, Stackpole Books, 1993.

Forester letter creates sensation, from
The Missoulian,
January 7, 1910.

Pinchot reaction on being fired, with mother, from Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground.

Letter from forest ranger to Pinchot, thought you were a Greek god, January 24, 1910, from Pinchot papers.

Roosevelt on Taft, from Anderson,
William Howard Taft.

Pinchot's talk to foresters after being fired, from Miller,
Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism.

Rangers under siege, needing help, more funds, from Records of the Forest Service, National Archives, Seattle.

Editorial on Forest Service, from
Butte Miner,
August 12, 1910.

6. Summer of Smoke

Pulaski, quote and details, from Records of the Forest Service, Region One headquarters, Missoula.

Pulaski, additional biographical background, from "Pulaski: The Man, the Tool,"
American Forests,
July 1984.

Pulaski's notebook and writings, from Records of the Forest Service, Region One headquarters, Missoula.

Fire conditions, dry in summer, from William Weigle's account, "The Great Idaho Fire of 1910,"
The Timberman,
July 1934.

Weigle, on townsfolk refusing to work, from
Idaho Press,
July 21, 1910.

Forest rangers suspicious of set fires, from Professor J. E. Kirkwood's notes on a summer spent in the woods in 1910, Records of the Forest Service, Region One headquarters, Missoula.

No states grew faster than Washington, Idaho, from U. S. Census Bureau,
www.census.gov
.

The Pulaskis on the St. Joe, and Indians, from Emma Pulaski's "Memories of a Forest Service Wife."

Information and history of the Coeur d'Alene Indians, from
The Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation,
Ye Galleon Press, 1970, and
Saving the Reservation: Joe Garry and the Battle to Be Indian,
by John Fahey, University of Washington Press, 2001.

Indians, lottery, and reservation reduction, from
History of Idaho,
by Hiram T. French, Lewis Publishing, 1914.

Greeley's memos to rangers, from Records of the Forest Service, Region One headquarters, Missoula.

Newspaper editorial on green rangers, from
Butte Intermountain,
August 15, 1910.

Newspaper editorial, abolish the Forest Service, from
Helena Independent,
August 4, 1910.

Ranger comment, just bed them down anywhere, quoted in Spencer,
The Big Blowup.

7. Men, Men, Men!

Koch and booze, recruiting in Taft, from Koch,
Forty Years a Forester.

Other ranger experiences around Taft just before fire, from
Early Days of the Forest Service.

Greeley quotes to reporters, from
The Missoulian,
July 15, 1910.

Curing cancer and bald heads making people smart, from random wire-service stories in
The Missoulian,
January 10, 1910.

Koch and his bride, the Kipling verses he cited, all from Koch,
Forty Years a Forester.

Wild days in the town, bullet in tongue, from Crowell and Asleson,
Up the Swiftwater.