The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act (62 page)

 
    
37
Notes from June 16, 1964, by John Stewart, box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
38
Ibid.

 
    
39
“Final Dictated Thoughts,” by Raymond Wolfinger, box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
40
Ibid.

 
    
41
Ibid.;
New York Times
, June 17, 1964, 1.

 
    
42
Whalen and Whalen,
Longest Debate
, 210.

 
    
43
Congressional Record
, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 11:14240;
Atlanta Daily World
, June 16, 1964, 1;
Chicago Tribune
, June 18, 1964, 4.

 
    
44
Thurber,
Politics of Equality
, 145.

 
    
45
For the entire proceedings of June 18, see
Congressional Record
, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 11:14275–336.

 
    
46
New York Times
, June 19, 1964, 18.

 
    
47
Time
, June 26, 1964, 20;
Chicago Tribune
, June 19, 11.

 
    
48
Ibid.;
Washington Post
, June 28, 1964, E7;
Newsweek
, June 29, 1964, 17.

 
    
49
Los Angeles Times
, June 19, 1964, 10.

 
    
50
Washington Post
, June 20, 1964, 1.

 
    
51
For the entire proceedings of that historic day, see
Congressional Record
, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 11:14432–511.

 
    
52
Stewart, “Independence and Control,’’ 181; Thurber,
Politics of Equality
, 181. Late that evening, the Senate’s celebratory mood was derailed when news arrived that two of its members—Edward Kennedy and Birch Bayh of Indiana—had been in a plane crash in Massachusetts. Though the pilot and one of Kennedy’s aides died, Bayh and his wife survived relatively unhurt, while Kennedy was seriously injured but managed to recover quickly.

 
    
53
Chicago Tribune
, June 23, 1964, 6; Baltimore
Sun
, June 23, 1964, 8.

 
    
54
Baltimore
Sun
, June 8, 1964, 8;
New York Times
, June 23, 1964, 14; memo from Bill Moyers to Lyndon Johnson, June 29, 1964, box 112, Statements, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

 
    
55
New York Times
, July 1, 1964, 1;
Wall Street Journal
, July 1, 1964, 3.

 
    
56
Wall Street Journal
, July 1, 1964, 3.

 
    
57
New York Times
, July 3, 1964, 9.

Chapter 9: A Bill Becomes a Law

 
    
1
Chicago Tribune
, July 3, 1964, 1.

 
    
2
See various drafts and memos in box 125, Bill Moyers Office Files, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

 
    
3
Chicago Tribune
, July 3, 1964, 1; Dierenfield,
Keeper of the Rules
, 198.

 
    
4
Memo No. 44, from Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, July 6, 1964, box 37, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Papers, Library of Congress;
Congressional Record
, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, 1964, 110, pt. 12:15869–97;
Washington Post
, July 3, 1964, A1;
Los Angeles Times
, July 3, 1964, 1.

 
    
5
Los Angeles Times
, July 3, 1964, 1.

 
    
6
New York Times
, July 3, 1964, 1.

 
    
7
“Civil Rights: President Signs Historic Bill,” Universal newsreel, July 2, 1964, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaRUca7FyAc, accessed July 16, 2013;
Los Angeles Times
, July 3, 1964, 3.

 
    
8
“Radio and Television Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill,” July 2, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26361, accessed July 16, 2013.

 
    
9
Shesol,
Mutual Contempt
, 165.

 
    
10
New York Times
, July 3, 1964, 1; memo to the files by Lee White, July 4, 1963, box 2, Ex Gen HU 2, White House Central Files, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

 
    
11
Stewart, “Independence,” ii and 289.

 
    
12
Webb,
Fight Against Fear
, 109–11;
Reporter
, August 13, 1964, 44.

 
    
13
Reporter
, ibid.

 
    
14
Time
, July 10, 1964, 27;
Time
, July 17, 1964, 39.

 
    
15
New York Times
, July 7, 1964, 20;
New York Times
, July 7, 1964, 1;
New York Times
, July 10, 1964, 10;
Washington Post
, July 4, 1964, 1;
Washington Post
, July 5, 1964, 1.

 
    
16
Los Angeles Times
, July 5, 1964, D1.

 
    
17
Tuscaloosa News
, May 1, 2011, http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20110501/news/110439984, accessed July 19, 2013; “Compliance with Title II: A Summary of Field Reports from Southern States,” box 27, Burke Marshall Papers, John F. Kennedy Library.

 
    
18
“Compliance with Title II.”

 
    
19
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
, July 10, 1964, 1454.

 
    
20
Ibid
.
;
Reporter
, August 13, 1964, 44; press release from Bill Fulbright, July 8, 1964, box 110, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress; text of radio address recorded by Senator Allen J. Ellender, July 4, 1964, box 110, part 1, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Library of Congress.

 
    
21
New York Times
, July 3, 1964, 9.

 
    
22
New York Times
, June 24, 1964, 23;
New York Times
, July 4, 1964, 1.

 
    
23
Wall Street Journal
, May 13, 1963, 1.

 
    
24
“Compliance with Title II”;
New York Times
, July 4, 1964, 1.

 
    
25
“Compliance with Title II”;
Washington Post
, July 30, 1964, A5.

 
    
26
Christian Science Monitor
, February 8, 1964, 4;
Christian Science Monitor
, April 30, 1964, 11.

 
    
27
For an excellent review of the white South’s experience during the civil rights movement, see Sokol,
There Goes
My Everything
.

 
    
28
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
, 379 U.S. 241, 1964, Supreme Court of the United States, http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0379_0241_ZS.html, accessed July 19, 2013.

 
    
29
New York Times
, July 4, 1964, 1.

 
    
30
Stern,
Calculating Visions
, 184.

 
    
31
Sovern,
Legal Restraints
, 205 and 80. Years later, Sovern admitted, in an interview with the author, that he had been too hasty in his criticism of Title VII, and that he later developed a much more positive view of it. See also Berg, ‘‘Equal Employment Opportunity,’’ 311–43.

 
    
32
Berg, ibid.; interview with Jack Greenberg by the author, November 28, 2012; Osterman, ‘‘Origins of a Myth.’’

 
    
33
Farhang, ‘‘Political Development,’’ 1.

 
    
34
Los Angeles Times
, July 3, 1964, 3.

 
    
35
New York Times
, July 5, 1964, 1;
Baltimore Afro-American
, October 24, 1964, 1.

 
    
36
Larry O’Brien interview with Michael L. Gillette, February 12, 1986, Lyndon B. Johnson Library; “Memorandum Dictated Shortly After Cloture,” n.d., Hubert Humphrey, box 15, David B. Filvaroff and Raymond E. Wolfinger Civil Rights Act Papers, University of Buffalo Library.

 
    
37
Washington Star
, April 22, 1964. See article in box 65, LE HU 2, White House Central Files, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

 
    
38
Frank Valeo interview with Donald A. Ritchie, September 18, 1985, Oral History Project, U.S. Senate Historical Office.

 
    
39
Stewart,
Civil Rights Act
, 197; Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, 674.

 
    
40
Bill Moyers, “Second Thoughts: Reflections on the Great Society,”
New Perspectives Quarterly
, vol. 4, no. 1, 1987, http://www.digitalnpq.org/archive/1987_winter/second.html, accessed July 17, 2013.

 
    
41
Warren,
Segregation
, 23.

 
    
42
Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 974–75.

 
    
43
Speech by Secretary Wirtz before the National Conference on Negro Policy in Chicago, July 2, 1964, box 465, Thomas Kuchel Papers, University of California, Berkeley; remarks at the University of Michigan, May 22, 1964, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/640522.asp, accessed July 19, 2013; commencement address at Howard University, June 4, 1965, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604.asp, accessed July 19, 2013.

Children being sprayed with fire hoses while demonstrating for civil rights in Birmingham, May 4, 1963.

Photo by John Duprey/
New York Daily News
Archive via Getty Images