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Authors: G.J. Meyer

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Timeline

1378
 
Alonso de Borja born at Játiva in Valencia, Spain.
 
 
Start of Great or Western Schism, dividing Roman Church.
1416
 
Alfonso V becomes king of Aragon.
1417
 
Alonso de Borja enters service of Alfonso V.
 
 
Oddone Colonna elected Pope Martin V.
1420
 
Martin V returns papacy to Rome, ending long exile.
1431
 
Rodrigo de Borja born at Játiva.
 
 
Gabriele Condulmer elected Pope Eugenius IV.
1442
 
Alfonso V drives Angevins from Naples, assumes Neapolitan crown.
1444
 
Alonso de Borja appointed to College of Cardinals, moves to Rome following year.
1447
 
Tommaso Parentucelli elected Pope Nicholas V.
1451
 
Birth of Isabella, future queen of Castile.
1452
 
Birth of Ferdinand II, future king of Aragon.
1453
 
Constantinople falls to Ottoman Turks.
1455
 
Cardinal Alonso Borgia elected Pope Calixtus III, appoints Rodrigo Borgia protonotary apostolic and Pedro Luis Borgia commander of Castel Sant’Angelo.
1456
 
Rodrigo Borgia is made a cardinal, Pedro Luis captain-general of papal army.
1457
 
Rodrigo appointed vice-chancellor of Church.
1458
 
Rodrigo appointed bishop of Valencia.
 
 
Alfonso V dies, to be succeeded as king of Naples by son Ferrante (Ferdinand I).
 
 
Calixtus III dies; Enea Silvio Piccolomini succeeds as Pope Pius II.
 
 
Death of Pedro Luis Borgia.
 
 
Athens falls to Turks.
1460
 
Cardinal Rodrigo rebuked by Pius II following garden party in Siena.
1462
 
Birth of Louis of Orléans, future Louis XII of France.
1463
 
Start of sixteen-year war between Venice and Ottoman Empire.
1464
 
Pietro Barbo elected Pope Paul II.
1470
 
Negropont captured by Turks.
 
 
Birth of Charles VIII of France.
1471
 
Francesco della Rovere elected Pope Sixtus IV.
 
 
Rodrigo Borgia appointed papal legate to Iberian peninsula.
1475
 
Probable year of Cesare Lanzol y de Borja’s birth in Spain.
1476
 
Probable year of birth of Cesare’s brother Juan Lanzol y de Borja.
1478
 
Pazzi Conspiracy against Medici family in Florence.
 
 
Beginning of Pope Sixtus’s Italian War, which will continue two years.
1480
 
Lucrezia Lanzol y de Borja born.
 
 
Ottoman Turks occupy Otranto in southern Italy.
1481
 
Probable year of death of Guillen Ramón Lanzol, father of Pedro Luis, Cesare, Lucrezia, and others.
 
 
Ludovico Sforza, as regent, wins control of the duchy of Milan.
 
 
Death of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II; son and successor Bayezid II withdraws Turkish troops from Otranto.
1484
 
Giovanni Battista Cibo elected Pope Innocent VIII.
1485
 
Pedro Luis Lanzol y de Borja is made duke of Gandía by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
1488
 
Murder of Girolamo Riario, nephew of Sixtus IV and husband of Caterina Sforza.
1491
 
Charles VIII of France marries Anne of Brittany.
 
 
Cesare Borgia appointed bishop of Pamplona.
1492
 
Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici.
 
 
Election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI.
 
 
Archbishopric of Valencia is conferred on Cesare.
 
 
Christopher Columbus sails west from Spain, seeking Japan, China, and India.
1493
 
Borgia marriages: Juan to Maria Enriquez de Luna of Spain, Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza, Jofrè to Sancia of Aragon.
 
 
Cesare is appointed to College of Cardinals.
 
 
Columbus returns from his first voyage of discovery.
 
 
Papal bull divides newly discovered territories between Spain and Portugal.
1494
 
Death of Ferrante of Naples; succeeded by son Alfonso II.
 
 
French invasion of Italy by Charles VIII.
 
 
Expulsion of Medici family from Florence.
1495
 
Alfonso II of Naples abdicates; succeeded by son Ferrandino (Ferdinand II).
 
 
Charles VIII meets Alexander VI in Rome, enters Naples in triumph.
 
 
Holy League formed to resist French occupation.
 
 
Following Battle of Fornovo, Charles withdraws to France.
1496
 
Death of Ferrandino of Naples; succeeded by uncle Don Fadrique (Federico I).
1497
 
Friar Girolamo Savonarola of Florence is excommunicated after calling for a council to depose Alexander VI.
 
 
Alexander makes war on Orsini; death of Virginio Orsini.
 
 
Murder in Rome of Juan Borgia, second duke of Gandía.
 
 
Annulment of Lucrezia Borgia’s marriage to Giovanni Sforza.
1498
 
Murder of Pedro Calderón, Lucrezia’s alleged lover.
 
 
Death of Charles VIII; succeeded by Louis XII, who later agrees with Venice to partition Milan.
 
 
Lucrezia wed to Alfonso of Aragon, duke of Bisceglie.
 
 
Cesare is allowed to resign from College of Cardinals; travels to French court at Chinon, France; is made duke of Valentinois; wed to Charlotte d’Albret.
 
 
Savonarola, discredited, is executed by Florentine civil authorities.
1499
 
Louis XII marries Anne of Brittany, seizes Milan and Genoa.
 
 
Pope Alexander excommunicates Romagna lords, seizes territories of the Gaetani.
 
 
Vasco da Gama returns to Lisbon from voyage to India.
 
 
Cesare’s first
impresa
captures Imola, besieges Forlì.
 
 
Lucrezia gives birth to son, Rodrigo of Aragon.
1500
 
Cesare captures Caterina Sforza.
 
 
Duke of Bisceglie is attacked and gravely wounded, subsequently strangled.
 
 
Cesare launches second
impresa
, besieges Faenza.
 
 
Spain and France agree to partition kingdom of Naples.
1501
 
Alexander creates Cesare duke of Romagna.
 
 
Don Fadrique abdicates as king of Naples, retires to Anjou.
 
 
Lucrezia is married to Alfonso d’Este.
1502
 
Arezzo rebels against Florence.
 
 
Cesare launches third
impresa
, captures Urbino and Cesena.
 
 
Machiavelli and Soderini meet Cesare at Urbino.
 
 
Conspiracy of
condottieri
against Cesare.
 
 
Cesare makes surprise visit to Louis XII at Milan, renews alliance.
 
 
Machiavelli visits Cesare at Imola.
 
 
Cesare resumes offensive, advances to Senigallia.
1503
 
Vitelli and Oliverotto strangled at Senigallia.
 
 
Alexander and Cesare launch war on Orsini.
 
 
Gonsalvo captures city of Naples for Spain.
 
 
Death of Alexander VI, election of Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini as Pope Pius III.
 
 
Death of Pius III, election of Giuliano della Rovere as Pope Julius II.
1504
 
Having earlier become the prisoner of Julius II at Ostia and subsequently freed, Cesare is again arrested, at Naples, this time by Gonsalvo, transported as prisoner to Spain.
 
 
Death of Isabella of Spain.
1505
 
Lucrezia becomes duchess of Ferrara upon death of Ercole d’Este.
 
 
Cesare transferred from Chinchilla to Medina del Campo.
1506
 
Cesare escapes from Medina del Campo, makes way to Navarre.
1507
 
Cesare killed in battle.
1519
 
Death of Lucrezia.
BOOK: The Borgias
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