Authors: G.J. Meyer
The Borgias (2 page)
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Timeline
| 1378 | | Alonso de Borja born at Játiva in Valencia, Spain. |
| | | Start of Great or Western Schism, dividing Roman Church. |
| 1416 | | Alfonso V becomes king of Aragon. |
| 1417 | | Alonso de Borja enters service of Alfonso V. |
| | | Oddone Colonna elected Pope Martin V. |
| 1420 | | Martin V returns papacy to Rome, ending long exile. |
| 1431 | | Rodrigo de Borja born at Játiva. |
| | | Gabriele Condulmer elected Pope Eugenius IV. |
| 1442 | | Alfonso V drives Angevins from Naples, assumes Neapolitan crown. |
| 1444 | | Alonso de Borja appointed to College of Cardinals, moves to Rome following year. |
| 1447 | | Tommaso Parentucelli elected Pope Nicholas V. |
| 1451 | | Birth of Isabella, future queen of Castile. |
| 1452 | | Birth of Ferdinand II, future king of Aragon. |
| 1453 | | Constantinople falls to Ottoman Turks. |
| 1455 | | Cardinal Alonso Borgia elected Pope Calixtus III, appoints Rodrigo Borgia protonotary apostolic and Pedro Luis Borgia commander of Castel Sant’Angelo. |
| 1456 | | Rodrigo Borgia is made a cardinal, Pedro Luis captain-general of papal army. |
| 1457 | | Rodrigo appointed vice-chancellor of Church. |
| 1458 | | Rodrigo appointed bishop of Valencia. |
| | | Alfonso V dies, to be succeeded as king of Naples by son Ferrante (Ferdinand I). |
| | | Calixtus III dies; Enea Silvio Piccolomini succeeds as Pope Pius II. |
| | | Death of Pedro Luis Borgia. |
| | | Athens falls to Turks. |
| 1460 | | Cardinal Rodrigo rebuked by Pius II following garden party in Siena. |
| 1462 | | Birth of Louis of Orléans, future Louis XII of France. |
| 1463 | | Start of sixteen-year war between Venice and Ottoman Empire. |
| 1464 | | Pietro Barbo elected Pope Paul II. |
| 1470 | | Negropont captured by Turks. |
| | | Birth of Charles VIII of France. |
| 1471 | | Francesco della Rovere elected Pope Sixtus IV. |
| | | Rodrigo Borgia appointed papal legate to Iberian peninsula. |
| 1475 | | Probable year of Cesare Lanzol y de Borja’s birth in Spain. |
| 1476 | | Probable year of birth of Cesare’s brother Juan Lanzol y de Borja. |
| 1478 | | Pazzi Conspiracy against Medici family in Florence. |
| | | Beginning of Pope Sixtus’s Italian War, which will continue two years. |
| 1480 | | Lucrezia Lanzol y de Borja born. |
| | | Ottoman Turks occupy Otranto in southern Italy. |
| 1481 | | Probable year of death of Guillen Ramón Lanzol, father of Pedro Luis, Cesare, Lucrezia, and others. |
| | | Ludovico Sforza, as regent, wins control of the duchy of Milan. |
| | | Death of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II; son and successor Bayezid II withdraws Turkish troops from Otranto. |
| 1484 | | Giovanni Battista Cibo elected Pope Innocent VIII. |
| 1485 | | Pedro Luis Lanzol y de Borja is made duke of Gandía by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. |
| 1488 | | Murder of Girolamo Riario, nephew of Sixtus IV and husband of Caterina Sforza. |
| 1491 | | Charles VIII of France marries Anne of Brittany. |
| | | Cesare Borgia appointed bishop of Pamplona. |
| 1492 | | Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici. |
| | | Election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI. |
| | | Archbishopric of Valencia is conferred on Cesare. |
| | | Christopher Columbus sails west from Spain, seeking Japan, China, and India. |
| 1493 | | Borgia marriages: Juan to Maria Enriquez de Luna of Spain, Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza, Jofrè to Sancia of Aragon. |
| | | Cesare is appointed to College of Cardinals. |
| | | Columbus returns from his first voyage of discovery. |
| | | Papal bull divides newly discovered territories between Spain and Portugal. |
| 1494 | | Death of Ferrante of Naples; succeeded by son Alfonso II. |
| | | French invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. |
| | | Expulsion of Medici family from Florence. |
| 1495 | | Alfonso II of Naples abdicates; succeeded by son Ferrandino (Ferdinand II). |
| | | Charles VIII meets Alexander VI in Rome, enters Naples in triumph. |
| | | Holy League formed to resist French occupation. |
| | | Following Battle of Fornovo, Charles withdraws to France. |
| 1496 | | Death of Ferrandino of Naples; succeeded by uncle Don Fadrique (Federico I). |
| 1497 | | Friar Girolamo Savonarola of Florence is excommunicated after calling for a council to depose Alexander VI. |
| | | Alexander makes war on Orsini; death of Virginio Orsini. |
| | | Murder in Rome of Juan Borgia, second duke of Gandía. |
| | | Annulment of Lucrezia Borgia’s marriage to Giovanni Sforza. |
| 1498 | | Murder of Pedro Calderón, Lucrezia’s alleged lover. |
| | | Death of Charles VIII; succeeded by Louis XII, who later agrees with Venice to partition Milan. |
| | | Lucrezia wed to Alfonso of Aragon, duke of Bisceglie. |
| | | Cesare is allowed to resign from College of Cardinals; travels to French court at Chinon, France; is made duke of Valentinois; wed to Charlotte d’Albret. |
| | | Savonarola, discredited, is executed by Florentine civil authorities. |
| 1499 | | Louis XII marries Anne of Brittany, seizes Milan and Genoa. |
| | | Pope Alexander excommunicates Romagna lords, seizes territories of the Gaetani. |
| | | Vasco da Gama returns to Lisbon from voyage to India. |
| | | Cesare’s first impresa captures Imola, besieges Forlì. |
| | | Lucrezia gives birth to son, Rodrigo of Aragon. |
| 1500 | | Cesare captures Caterina Sforza. |
| | | Duke of Bisceglie is attacked and gravely wounded, subsequently strangled. |
| | | Cesare launches second impresa , besieges Faenza. |
| | | Spain and France agree to partition kingdom of Naples. |
| 1501 | | Alexander creates Cesare duke of Romagna. |
| | | Don Fadrique abdicates as king of Naples, retires to Anjou. |
| | | Lucrezia is married to Alfonso d’Este. |
| 1502 | | Arezzo rebels against Florence. |
| | | Cesare launches third impresa , captures Urbino and Cesena. |
| | | Machiavelli and Soderini meet Cesare at Urbino. |
| | | Conspiracy of condottieri against Cesare. |
| | | Cesare makes surprise visit to Louis XII at Milan, renews alliance. |
| | | Machiavelli visits Cesare at Imola. |
| | | Cesare resumes offensive, advances to Senigallia. |
| 1503 | | Vitelli and Oliverotto strangled at Senigallia. |
| | | Alexander and Cesare launch war on Orsini. |
| | | Gonsalvo captures city of Naples for Spain. |
| | | Death of Alexander VI, election of Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini as Pope Pius III. |
| | | Death of Pius III, election of Giuliano della Rovere as Pope Julius II. |
| 1504 | | Having earlier become the prisoner of Julius II at Ostia and subsequently freed, Cesare is again arrested, at Naples, this time by Gonsalvo, transported as prisoner to Spain. |
| | | Death of Isabella of Spain. |
| 1505 | | Lucrezia becomes duchess of Ferrara upon death of Ercole d’Este. |
| | | Cesare transferred from Chinchilla to Medina del Campo. |
| 1506 | | Cesare escapes from Medina del Campo, makes way to Navarre. |
| 1507 | | Cesare killed in battle. |
| 1519 | | Death of Lucrezia. |
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